Effects of Vegetation Strips, Fertilizer Levels and Varietal Resistance on the Integrated Management of Arthropod Biodiversity in a Tropical Rice Ecosystem
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Platform
2.2. Bund Development and Plot Yields
2.3. Effects of Nitrogen and Bund Types on Arthropod Fauna
2.4. Effects of Nitrogen, Variety and Bund Type on Planthoppers, Leafhoppers and Their Natural Enemies
2.5. Herbivore Regulation
2.6. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Development of Bund Vegetation
3.2. Rice Yields
3.3. Arthropod Communities during the 2011 Wet Season Experiment
3.4. Arthropod Communities during the 2013 Wet Season Experiment
3.5. Parasitism of Planthopper and Stemborer Eggs (2011 Experiment)
3.6. Combined Effects of Nitrogen, Variety and Bund Vegetation (2013 Experiment)
4. Discussion
4.1. Issues of Scale
4.2. Fertilizers
4.3. Fertilizers and Vegetation Bunds
4.4. Combining Host Plant Resistance with Vegetation Strips
4.5. Further Advantages of Vegetation Strips
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bund Type | Nitrogen Level 1 | Bund Vegetation | Rice Yields (Kg m−2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vegetation Biomass (g Dry Weight m−1) | Weed Species Richness | |||
Clear | N1 | 19.39 (3.12) A | 4.50 (0.46) AB | 0.40 (0.03) a |
N2 | 20.15 (6.71) | 4.75 (0.83) | 0.55 (0.04) b | |
N3 | 17.88 (3.20) | 4.50 (0.38 | 0.68 (0.05) c | |
Sesame/okra | N1 | 32.28 (5.95) A | 3.63 (0.53) A | 0.41 (0.02) a |
N2 | 29.15 (5.65) | 4.88 (0.58) | 0.53 (0.02) b | |
N3 | 27.28 (5.54) | 4.13 (0.61) | 0.69 (0.03) c | |
Weedy | N1 | 163.46 (15.60) B | 6.13 (0.58) B | 0.40 (0.02) a |
N2 | 179.05 (22.29) | 5.13 (0.23) | 0.53 (0.03) b | |
N3 | 215.81 (32.60) | 5.75 (0.70) | 0.64 (0.03) c | |
F-Nitrogen 2 | 0.849 ns | 0.069 ns | 65.034 *** | |
F-Bund 2 | 120.131 *** | 5.275 ** | 0.607 ns |
Bund Type and Nitrogen Level 1 | Weed Biomass (g Dry Weight m−1) | Mung Bean Height (cm) | Mung Bean Biomass (g Dry Weight m−1) | Pod Weight (g Dry Weight m−1) | Mung Bean Seeds (g Dry Weight m−1) | Rice Yields IR64 (Kg m−2) | Rice Yields IR62 (Kg m−2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clear | N1 | 6.43 (1.34) | - | - | - | - | 0.40 (0.02) a | 0.46 (0.03) |
N2 | 8.49 (1.93) | - | - | - | - | 0.49 (0.06) b | 0.62 (0.04) | |
N3 | 6.14 (0.64) | - | - | - | - | 0.50 (0.04) ab | 0.55 (0.03) | |
Mung bean | N1 | 133.72 (9.50) | 46.33 (4.69) a | 21.52 (6.89) | 11.42 (2.86) | 3.58 (0.73) a | 0.48 (0.02) | 0.56 (0.04) |
N2 | 127.38 (19.12) | 57.17 (7.79) ab | 28.12 (3.58) | 15.75 (5.01) | 2.09 (0.59) a | 0.56 (0.07) | 0.57 (0.04) | |
N3 | 164.01 (21.24) | 77.60 (7.43) b | 26.79 (10.74) | 29.64 (8.33) | 6.16 (0.73) b | 0.53 (0.06) | 0.58 (0.05) | |
F-nitrogen | 1.147 ns 2 | 5.486 *,3 | 0.208 ns 3 | 2.647 ns 3 | 8.922 ***,3 | 4.252 *,4 | ||
F-bund | 178.894 ***,2 | 3.251 ns 4 | ||||||
F-variety | 6.401 **,4 |
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Horgan, F.G.; Crisol Martínez, E.; Stuart, A.M.; Bernal, C.C.; de Cima Martín, E.; Almazan, M.L.P.; Ramal, A.F. Effects of Vegetation Strips, Fertilizer Levels and Varietal Resistance on the Integrated Management of Arthropod Biodiversity in a Tropical Rice Ecosystem. Insects 2019, 10, 328. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100328
Horgan FG, Crisol Martínez E, Stuart AM, Bernal CC, de Cima Martín E, Almazan MLP, Ramal AF. Effects of Vegetation Strips, Fertilizer Levels and Varietal Resistance on the Integrated Management of Arthropod Biodiversity in a Tropical Rice Ecosystem. Insects. 2019; 10(10):328. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100328
Chicago/Turabian StyleHorgan, Finbarr G., Eduardo Crisol Martínez, Alexander M. Stuart, Carmencita C. Bernal, Elena de Cima Martín, Maria Liberty P. Almazan, and Angelee Fame Ramal. 2019. "Effects of Vegetation Strips, Fertilizer Levels and Varietal Resistance on the Integrated Management of Arthropod Biodiversity in a Tropical Rice Ecosystem" Insects 10, no. 10: 328. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10100328