Landscape Effects on the Abundance of Apolygus lucorum in Cotton Fields
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Locations
2.2. Sampling Method
2.3. Land Use Data and Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Abundance of A. lucorum
3.2. Landscape Effects on Abundance of A. lucorum in July
3.3. Landscape Effects on Abundance of A. lucorum in August
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scales (km) | Model | K | logLik | AICc | ΔAICc | Weight | Adjusted R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.5 | Cotton + Other crops | 4 | 10.00 | −7.99 | 0.00 | 0.43 | 0.67 |
Cotton + Other crops + Woodlots | 5 | 12.17 | −7.66 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.73 | |
Cotton + Dwellings + Other crops | 5 | 10.72 | −4.76 | 3.23 | 0.08 | 0.67 | |
Cotton + Dwellings + Other crops + Woodlots | 6 | 13.38 | −4.26 | 3.73 | 0.07 | 0.75 | |
Cotton + Maize + Other crops | 5 | 10.37 | −4.08 | 3.92 | 0.06 | 0.66 | |
1.0 | Cotton + Other crops + Woodlots | 5 | 12.57 | −8.47 | 0.00 | 0.46 | 0.74 |
Cotton + Maize + Other crops + Woodlots | 6 | 14.97 | −7.45 | 1.02 | 0.28 | 0.79 | |
Cotton + Other crops | 4 | 9.02 | −6.04 | 2.42 | 0.14 | 0.62 | |
Maize + Other crops + Woodlots | 5 | 11.2 | −5.74 | 2.72 | 0.12 | 0.74 | |
1.5 | Cotton | 3 | 6.74 | −5.30 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.53 |
Cotton + Woodlots | 4 | 8.46 | −4.93 | 0.37 | 0.27 | 0.59 | |
Cotton + Other crops | 4 | 7.82 | −3.65 | 1.65 | 0.14 | 0.56 | |
Cotton + Dwellings | 4 | 7.52 | −3.04 | 2.26 | 0.11 | 0.54 | |
Cotton + Other crops + Woodlots | 5 | 9.24 | −1.80 | 3.50 | 0.06 | 0.60 | |
Cotton + Maize | 4 | 6.83 | −1.67 | 3.63 | 0.05 | 0.49 | |
Other crops | 3 | 4.75 | −1.33 | 3.97 | 0.04 | 0.38 | |
2.0 | Cotton | 3 | 5.61 | −3.04 | 0.00 | 0.44 | 0.45 |
Cotton + Woodlots | 4 | 6.5 | −1.00 | 2.04 | 0.16 | 0.47 | |
Cotton + Other crops | 4 | 6.24 | −0.49 | 2.55 | 0.12 | 0.45 | |
Cotton + Dwellings | 4 | 5.88 | 0.25 | 3.29 | 0.08 | 0.43 | |
Woodlots | 3 | 3.83 | 0.52 | 3.56 | 0.07 | 0.30 | |
Cotton + Maize | 4 | 5.61 | 0.78 | 3.82 | 0.06 | 0.40 | |
Other crops | 3 | 3.7 | 0.79 | 3.82 | 0.06 | 0.29 |
Scales (km) | Variable | Estimate | z Value | Pr (>|z|) | Relative Importance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.5 | Intercept | 1.511 | 39.271 | < 0.001 *** | |
Cotton | −0.222 | 2.676 | 0.007 ** | 1.00 | |
Dwellings | −0.085 | 1.027 | 0.304 | 0.15 | |
Maize | −0.067 | 0.669 | 0.503 | 0.06 | |
Other crops | 0.318 | 3.853 | < 0.001 *** | 1.00 | |
Woodlots | 0.134 | 1.726 | 0.084 | 0.43 | |
1.0 | Intercept | 1.511 | 41.921 | < 0.001 *** | |
Cotton | −0.209 | 2.468 | 0.014 * | 0.88 | |
Maize | 0.192 | 1.774 | 0.076 | 0.40 | |
Other crops | 0.252 | 3.105 | 0.002 ** | 1.00 | |
Woodlots | 0.227 | 2.111 | 0.035* | 0.86 | |
1.5 | Intercept | 1.511 | 32.500 | < 0.001 *** | |
Cotton | −0.325 | 2.926 | 0.003 ** | 0.96 | |
Dwellings | 0.100 | 1.029 | 0.303 | 0.11 | |
Maize | −0.037 | 0.349 | 0.727 | 0.05 | |
Other crops | 0.172 | 1.247 | 0.212 | 0.24 | |
Woodlots | 0.151 | 1.536 | 0.125 | 0.33 | |
2.0 | Intercept | 1.511 | 28.997 | < 0.001 *** | |
Cotton | −0.311 | 2.587 | 0.010 ** | 0.86 | |
Dwellings | 0.067 | 0.593 | 0.553 | 0.08 | |
Maize | −0.002 | 0.014 | 0.989 | 0.06 | |
Other crops | 0.178 | 1.193 | 0.233 | 0.19 | |
Woodlots | 0.187 | 1.318 | 0.187 | 0.23 |
Scales (km) | Model | K | logLik | AICc | ΔAICc | Weight | Adjusted R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.5 | Other crops | 3 | −4.04 | 16.30 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 0.17 |
Null | 2 | −5.99 | 16.99 | 0.68 | 0.21 | 0.00 | |
Maize | 3 | −5.3 | 18.78 | 2.48 | 0.09 | 0.02 | |
Dwellings | 3 | −5.32 | 18.82 | 2.52 | 0.09 | 0.02 | |
Dwellings + Other crops | 4 | −3.74 | 19.48 | 3.18 | 0.06 | 0.14 | |
Maize + Other crops | 4 | −3.81 | 19.62 | 3.31 | 0.06 | 0.13 | |
Cotton | 3 | −5.77 | 19.72 | 3.42 | 0.05 | −0.05 | |
Cotton + Other crops | 4 | −3.93 | 19.86 | 3.55 | 0.05 | 0.11 | |
Woodlots | 3 | −5.89 | 19.96 | 3.66 | 0.05 | −0.06 | |
Other crops + Woodlots | 4 | −4.05 | 20.10 | 3.79 | 0.04 | 0.10 | |
1.0 | Other crops | 3 | −3.12 | 14.42 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 0.27 |
Maize + Other crops | 4 | −1.65 | 15.31 | 0.89 | 0.19 | 0.35 | |
Maize | 3 | −.19 | 16.56 | 2.15 | 0.10 | 0.15 | |
Null | 2 | −5.99 | 16.99 | 2.57 | 0.08 | 0.00 | |
Cotton + Other crops | 4 | −2.61 | 17.22 | 2.80 | 0.07 | 0.26 | |
Cotton | 3 | −4.66 | 17.50 | 3.08 | 0.06 | 0.10 | |
Maize + Woodlots | 4 | −2.79 | 17.57 | 3.16 | 0.06 | 0.24 | |
Maize + Other crops + Woodlots | 5 | −0.46 | 17.58 | 3.16 | 0.06 | 0.39 | |
Dwellings + Other crops | 4 | −3.11 | 18.23 | 3.81 | 0.04 | 0.21 | |
Other crops + Woodlots | 4 | −3.12 | 18.23 | 3.81 | 0.04 | 0.21 | |
1.5 | Maize + Other crops | 4 | −0.48 | 12.97 | 0.00 | 0.19 | 0.44 |
Other crops | 3 | −2.4 | 12.99 | 0.02 | 0.19 | 0.33 | |
Maize + Other crops + Woodlots | 5 | 1.6 | 13.46 | 0.49 | 0.15 | 0.54 | |
Maize + Woodlots | 4 | −0.9 | 13.80 | 0.83 | 0.13 | 0.41 | |
Cotton | 3 | −3.12 | 14.42 | 1.46 | 0.09 | 0.27 | |
Dwellings + Maize + Other crops | 5 | 0.81 | 15.04 | 2.07 | 0.07 | 0.49 | |
Cotton + Other crops | 4 | −1.72 | 15.44 | 2.47 | 0.06 | 0.34 | |
Other crops + Woodlots | 4 | −2.31 | 16.61 | 3.64 | 0.03 | 0.29 | |
Dwellings + Maize + Woodlots | 5 | 0.02 | 16.63 | 3.67 | 0.03 | 0.43 | |
Cotton + Maize | 4 | −2.33 | 16.65 | 3.69 | 0.03 | 0.28 | |
Dwellings + Other crops | 4 | −2.4 | 16.80 | 3.84 | 0.03 | 0.28 | |
2.0 | Maize + Other crops + Woodlots | 5 | 3.4 | 9.87 | 0.00 | 0.34 | 0.64 |
Maize + Other crops | 4 | 1.05 | 9.90 | 0.03 | 0.34 | 0.54 | |
Other crops | 3 | −1.45 | 11.08 | 1.20 | 0.19 | 0.41 | |
Maize + Woodlots | 4 | −0.29 | 12.59 | 2.71 | 0.09 | 0.45 | |
Dwellings + Maize + Other crops | 5 | 1.4 | 13.86 | 3.99 | 0.05 | 0.53 |
Scales (km) | Variable | Estimate | z Value | Pr (>|z|) | Relative Importance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.5 | Intercept | 1.548 | 15.126 | < 0.001 *** | |
Cotton | −0.108 | 0.494 | 0.622 | 0.10 | |
Dwellings | −0.185 | 0.843 | 0.399 | 0.15 | |
Maize | 0.184 | 0.824 | 0.410 | 0.14 | |
Other crops | 0.346 | 1.674 | 0.094 | 0.51 | |
Woodlots | −0.059 | 0.264 | 0.792 | 0.09 | |
1.0 | Intercept | 1.548 | 16.624 | < 0.001 *** | |
Cotton | −0.231 | 1.063 | 0.288 | 0.13 | |
Dwellings | −0.016 | 0.077 | 0.939 | 0.04 | |
Maize | 0.360 | 1.521 | 0.128 | 0.41 | |
Other crops | 0.391 | 2.025 | 0.043 * | 0.70 | |
Woodlots | 0.234 | 0.847 | 0.397 | 0.16 | |
1.5 | Intercept | 1.548 | 18.607 | < 0.001 *** | |
Cotton | −0.349 | 1.575 | 0.115 | 0.18 | |
Dwellings | 0.198 | 0.860 | 0.390 | 0.13 | |
Maize | 0.405 | 1.864 | 0.062 | 0.60 | |
Other crops | 0.407 | 2.149 | 0.032 * | 0.72 | |
Woodlots | 0.369 | 1.604 | 0.109 | 0.34 | |
2.0 | Intercept | 1.548 | 21.308 | < 0.001 *** | |
Dwellings | 0.123 | 0.650 | 0.516 | 0.05 | |
Maize | 0.345 | 2.186 | 0.029 * | 0.81 | |
Other crops | 0.452 | 2.643 | 0.008 ** | 0.91 | |
Woodlots | 0.332 | 1.850 | 0.069 | 0.43 |
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Li, M.; Yang, L.; Pan, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Yuan, H.; Lu, Y. Landscape Effects on the Abundance of Apolygus lucorum in Cotton Fields. Insects 2020, 11, 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11030185
Li M, Yang L, Pan Y, Zhang Q, Yuan H, Lu Y. Landscape Effects on the Abundance of Apolygus lucorum in Cotton Fields. Insects. 2020; 11(3):185. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11030185
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Minlong, Long Yang, Yunfei Pan, Qian Zhang, Haibin Yuan, and Yanhui Lu. 2020. "Landscape Effects on the Abundance of Apolygus lucorum in Cotton Fields" Insects 11, no. 3: 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11030185