Ligusticum sinense Nanoemulsion Gel as Potential Repellent against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles minimus, and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials and Extractions
2.2. Mosquito Test Populations
2.3. Human Volunteers
2.4. Preparation of Nanoemulsion (NE)
2.5. Preparation of Nanoemulsion Gel (NEG)
2.6. Evaluation on Repellent Activity of LHE-NEG and DEET-NEG Formulations
2.7. Evaluating Potential Skin Irritation from LHE-NEG and DEET-NEG
2.8. Testing the Physical and Biological Stability of LHE-NEG
2.9. Data Processing and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Repellent Activity of LHE-NEG
3.2. Skin Irritant Potential of LHE-NEG and DEET-NEG
3.3. Physical and Biological Stability
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients (g) | Formulations | |
---|---|---|
LHE-NEG | DEET-NEG | |
LHE-NE | 40.0 | - |
DEET-NE | - | 40.0 |
5% Carbopol®940 | 17.5 | 17.5 |
Double deionized water | 33.0 | 33.0 |
Propylene glycol | 5.0 | 5.0 |
1% EDTA | 3.0 | 3.0 |
Methylparaben | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Propylparaben | 0.1 | 0.1 |
TEA | 1.2 | 1.2 |
Repellent Samples | Median Complete Protection Time (Range, h) 1,* | ||
---|---|---|---|
Ae. aegypti | An. minimus | Cx. quinquefasciatus | |
LHE-NEG | 5.5 (4.5–6.0) a | 11.5 (8.5–12.5) c | 11.25 (8.5–12.5) d |
DEET-NEG | 8.5 (7.0–9.0) b | 12.0 (10.0–12.5) c | 12.5 (10.0–13.5) e |
Treatment | Number of Volunteers | Score for Skin Irritation 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | + | ++ | +++ | ||
LHE-NEG | 30 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
DEET-NEG | 30 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
20% SLS | 30 | 24 | 5 | 1 | 0 |
Absolute ethanol | 30 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
LHE-NEG: Heating/Cooling Cycles | Appearance & Physical Characteristics | Median Complete Protection Time (Range, h) 1,* | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Consistency | Color | Odor | ||
0 | Soft | Whitish cream | Aromatic | 5.0 (4.5–6.0) a |
3 | Soft | Whitish cream | Aromatic | 4.25 (4.0–4.5) a |
6 | Soft | Pale yellow | Aromatic | 3.25 (2.5–3.5) b |
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Junkum, A.; Maleewong, W.; Saeung, A.; Champakaew, D.; Chansang, A.; Amornlerdpison, D.; Aldred, A.K.; Chaithong, U.; Jitpakdi, A.; Riyong, D.; et al. Ligusticum sinense Nanoemulsion Gel as Potential Repellent against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles minimus, and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Insects 2021, 12, 596. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12070596
Junkum A, Maleewong W, Saeung A, Champakaew D, Chansang A, Amornlerdpison D, Aldred AK, Chaithong U, Jitpakdi A, Riyong D, et al. Ligusticum sinense Nanoemulsion Gel as Potential Repellent against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles minimus, and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Insects. 2021; 12(7):596. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12070596
Chicago/Turabian StyleJunkum, Anuluck, Wanchai Maleewong, Atiporn Saeung, Danita Champakaew, Arpaporn Chansang, Doungporn Amornlerdpison, Arunee Kongdee Aldred, Udom Chaithong, Atchariya Jitpakdi, Doungrat Riyong, and et al. 2021. "Ligusticum sinense Nanoemulsion Gel as Potential Repellent against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles minimus, and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)" Insects 12, no. 7: 596. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12070596