Quarantine Disinfestation of Papaya Mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Using Gamma and X-rays Irradiation
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Insect Rearing
2.2. Dose-Response Test Using X-ray Irradiation
2.2.1. X-ray Irradiator
2.2.2. Preparation of Adult Females and Eggs
2.2.3. X-ray Irradiation Treatment
2.2.4. Bioassays after Irradiation Treatment
2.3. Large-Scale Confirmatory Trials Using Gamma Radiation
2.3.1. Gamma Radiation Facility and Treatment
2.3.2. Post-Treatment Rearing and Bioassays
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Dose-Response Test
3.1.1. Impact on Egg Number Laid by Irradiated Females
3.1.2. Two-Way ANOVA on Dose Mortality of X-ray Irradiation
3.1.3. Probit Analysis of Dose-Mortality Data
3.1.4. Comprehensive Comparison of Radiotolerance
3.2. Large-Scale Confirmatory Tests
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ages | Mean Number (±SE) of Eggs Laid by Irradiated Females a | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 Gy | 15 Gy | 30 Gy | 45 Gy | 60 Gy | 75 Gy | 90 Gy | 105 Gy | |
0–2 d | 1305.0 ± 98.1 aA | 1339.3 ± 191.9 aA | 1250.5 ± 151.8 aA | 1163.8 ± 132.0 aA | 1457.0 ± 97.4 aA | 998.8 ± 74.0 aA | 1255.5 ± 107.2 aA | 1281.8 ± 237.5 aA |
3–4 d | 1139.8 ± 186.0 aA | 1311.5 ± 322.9 aA | 1215.8 ± 340.9 aA | 982.0 ± 86.2 aA | 1246.5 ± 108.1 aA | 869.8 ± 29.0 aA | 1145.5 ± 108.7 aA | 1228.8 ± 211.5 aA |
5–6 d | 189.0 ± 11.0 aB | 199.8 ± 10.5 aB | 186.5 ± 11.5 aB | 208.0 ± 9.1 aB | 198.8 ± 13.0 aB | 124.0 ± 4.7 aB | 95.8 ± 8.9 aB | 60.5 ± 7.0 aB |
Ages | Corrected Mortality (%) of Eggs Irradiated at Dose of a | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15 Gy | 30 Gy | 45 Gy | 60 Gy | 75 Gy | 90 Gy | 105 Gy | |
0 d | 7.9 ± 2.5 eA | 16.9 ± 5.0 deB | 33.8 ± 9.5 cdeB | 47.5 ± 2.6 bcdA | 65.4 ± 8.7 abcA | 79.9 ± 4.0 abA | 98.6 ± 1.3 aA |
2 d | 29.6 ± 12.4 dA | 43.6 ± 15.3 cdAB | 57.1 ± 18.2 bcdAB | 72.0 ± 20.4 abcA | 87.2 ± 12.9 abA | 90.7 ± 9.7 abA | 100.0 ± 0.0 aA |
4 d | 28.7 ± 6.5 cA | 48.8 ± 6.5 bcA | 70.0 ± 19.0 abA | 77.2 ± 27.5 abA | 87.9 ± 8.1 aA | 90.7 ± 6.5 aA | 100.0 ± 0.0 aA |
6 d | 23.9 ± 15.1 cA | 28.1 ± 14.8 bcAB | 61.5 ± 9.9 abAB | 75.0 ± 17.6 aA | 86.1 ± 10.5 aA | 87.8 ± 9.1 aA | 95.1 ± 4.6 aA |
Age | No. of Eggs | Slope ± SE | Intercept ± SE | Estimated LDs and 95% CI (Gy) a | Heterogeneity b | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LD90 | LD99 | LD99.9968 | |||||
0 d | 53,249 | 0.034 ± 0.000 | −2.090 ± 0.022 | 97.8 (92.0–105.4) a | 128.2 (118.7–141.0) a | 176.7 (160.7–198.9) a | 79.4 |
2 d | 2247 | 0.028 ± 0.001 | −1.030 ± 0.069 | 82.0 (70.5–102.5) bc | 119.1 (99.6–157.7) b | 178.5 (144.4–248.0) a | 14.4 |
4 d | 2095 | 0.026 ± 0.001 | −0.843 ± 0.070 | 80.2 (67.6–104.7) c | 119.7 (97.7–168.2) b | 182.9 (143.8–272.1) a | 15.5 |
6 d | 2195 | 0.028 ± 0.001 | −1.130 ± 0.077 | 87.1 (76.0–105.0) b | 124.8 (106.4–158.3) ab | 185.2 (153.2–245.5) a | 11.1 |
Reference Age | Pairwise Age | 95% CI of Lethal Dose Ratio | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
LD90 | LD99 | LD99.9968 | ||
0 d | 2 d | 1.25 × 1012–∞ | 273.36–4.24 × 1015 | 0.00–7.55 × 109 |
4 d | 4.49 × 1013–∞ | 13.80–6.31 × 1013 | 0.00–1.18 × 107 | |
6 d | 7.89 × 106–4.78 × 1014 | 0.00–1.73 × 1010 | 0.00–4.59 × 103 | |
2 d | 4 d | 0.00–1.38 × 107 | 0.00–1.44 × 109 | 0.00–1.17 × 1013 |
6 d | 0.00–1.86 | 0.00–5.28 × 103 | 0.00–8.80 × 109 | |
4 d | 6 d | 0.00–0.04 | 0.00–6.54 × 104 | 0.00–2.79 × 1015 |
Irradiation Date | Absorbed Dose (Gy) | DUR | No. of Potatoes | No. of Females | F1 Generation Eggs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. a | Mortality (%) | |||||
13 Febuary 2023 | 150.4–183.6 | 1.22 | 439 | 9992 | 2.5 × 106 | 100 |
control | 0 | - | 60 | 2056 | 5.2 × 105 | 2.84 |
10 April 2023 | 146.8–185.0 | 1.26 | 817 | 50,376 | 1.3 × 107 | 100 |
control | 0 | - | 75 | 4749 | 1.2 × 106 | 3.13 |
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Song, Z.-J.; Zhao, Q.-Y.; Ma, C.; Chen, R.-R.; Ma, T.-B.; Li, Z.-H.; Zhan, G.-P. Quarantine Disinfestation of Papaya Mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Using Gamma and X-rays Irradiation. Insects 2023, 14, 682. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14080682
Song Z-J, Zhao Q-Y, Ma C, Chen R-R, Ma T-B, Li Z-H, Zhan G-P. Quarantine Disinfestation of Papaya Mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Using Gamma and X-rays Irradiation. Insects. 2023; 14(8):682. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14080682
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Zi-Jiao, Qing-Ying Zhao, Chen Ma, Ran-Ran Chen, Tian-Bi Ma, Zhi-Hong Li, and Guo-Ping Zhan. 2023. "Quarantine Disinfestation of Papaya Mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Using Gamma and X-rays Irradiation" Insects 14, no. 8: 682. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14080682