Helmet Shape and Phylogeography of the Treehopper Membracis mexicana
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Insect Sampling
2.3. Geometric Morphometrics
2.4. DNA Extraction, Sequencing, and Processing
2.5. Genetic and Phylogeographic Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Insect Sampling
3.2. Geometric Morphometric Analysis
3.2.1. Centroid Size of the Helmet
3.2.2. Principal Components of Helmet Shape
3.2.3. Canonical Variance of Helmet Shape
3.3. Genetic and Phylogeographic Analyses
3.3.1. DNA Polymorphism
3.3.2. Haplotype Networks
3.3.3. Analysis of Population Structure
3.3.4. Phylogenetic Analysis
3.3.5. Historical Demography
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number | ID | Latitude, Longitude | Host Plant | Sample Size Per Host Plant | State | Country | Sampling Date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Cancun (YP) | 21°10′08.3″ N 86°51′30.9″ W | Terminalia catappa, Ficus carica | 18, 8 | Quintana Roo | Mexico | December 2019 |
2 | Champoton (YP) | 19°21′01.0″ N 90°43′40.3″ W | Terminalia catappa | 30 | Campeche | Mexico | December 2019 |
3 | Ciudad del Carmen (V) | 18°39′05.7″ N 91°49′25.1″ W | Terminalia catappa | 30 | Campeche | Mexico | December 2019 |
4 | Coatzacoalcos (V) | 18°08′53.1″ N 94°27′02.4″ W | Terminalia catappa | 30 | Veracruz | Mexico | December 2019 |
5 | Veracruz (V) | 19°11′13.3″ N 96°07′37.2″ W | Terminalia catappa | 25 | Veracruz | Mexico | May 2019 |
6 | Tepic (TMVB) | 21°30′08.2″ N 104°54′09.8″ W | Spondias purpurea, Terminalia catappa | 4, 11 | Nayarit | Mexico | May 2021 |
7 | Puerto Vallarta (PL) | 20°38′28.5″ N 105°12′49.0″ W | Artocarpus altilis, Terminalia catappa | 3, 5 | Jalisco | Mexico | May 2021 |
8 | San Patricio (PL) | 19°13′25.2″ N 104°42′48.0″ W | Terminalia catappa | 7 | Jalisco | Mexico | May 2021 |
9 | Colima (TMVB) | 19°14′10.7″ N 103°44′29.3″ W | Cassia fistula, Terminalia catappa | 7, 6 | Colima | Mexico | May 2021 |
10 | Santa Teresa (TMVB) | 19°58′18.7″ N 101°38′05.9″ W | Heimia salicifolia | 2 | Michoacan | Mexico | May 2021 |
11 | Zacapu (TMVB) | 19°49′22.9″ N 101°47′17.8″ W | Salix babylonica | 13 | Michoacan | Mexico | May 2021 |
Gene | Clustering | K | FCT | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
28S | (Tepic, Puerto Vallarta) (Colima) (San Patricio) (Santa Teresa) (Zacapu) (Veracruz, Cancun, Champoton, Ciudad del Carmen, Coatzacoalcos) | 6 | 0.8108 | 0.00000 ± 0.00000 |
H3 | (Puerto Vallarta, Santa Teresa, San Patricio) (Tepic) (Colima) (Zacapu) (Veracruz) (Coatzacoalcos) (Ciudad del Carmen) (Champoton) (Cancun) | 9 | 0.30013 | 0.00782 ± 0.00242 |
H2A | (Santa Teresa) (Champoton, Tepic, Zacapu, Ciudad del Carmen, Veracruz, Coatzacoalcos, Puerto Vallarta, Cancun, Colima, San Patricio) | 2 | 0.67267 | 0.09677 ± 0.00848 |
WG | (Colima, San Patricio, Zacapu, Puerto Vallarta, Tepic, Santa Teresa) (Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, Champoton, Ciudad del Carmen, Cancun) | 2 | 0.58272 | 0.00098 ± 0.00098 |
COI | (Tepic, Santa Teresa) (Zacapu) (Ciudad del Carmen, Veracruz, Coatzacoalcos, Champoton, Cancun) | 3 | 0.81407 | 0.00293 ± 0.00164 |
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De-la-Mora, M.; Pinero, D. Helmet Shape and Phylogeography of the Treehopper Membracis mexicana. Insects 2023, 14, 704. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14080704
De-la-Mora M, Pinero D. Helmet Shape and Phylogeography of the Treehopper Membracis mexicana. Insects. 2023; 14(8):704. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14080704
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe-la-Mora, Marisol, and Daniel Pinero. 2023. "Helmet Shape and Phylogeography of the Treehopper Membracis mexicana" Insects 14, no. 8: 704. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14080704