Spatial Modeling of Insect Pollination Services in Fragmented Landscapes
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Generating Simulated Landscapes
2.2. Assigning Bees and Flowers to Simulated Landscapes
2.3. Modeling Pollination
2.4. Landscape Metrics
3. Results
3.1. Pollination Mapping
3.2. Correlation Analysis
3.3. Landscape Structure and Pollination Service
4. Discussion
5. Limitation of This Study
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Forest Proportion | No. Flowers |
---|---|
10% | 225 |
20% | 200 |
30% | 175 |
40% | 150 |
50% | 125 |
Category | Metric | Equation | Range |
---|---|---|---|
Area and Edge | |||
Mean Patch Area (Area-MN) | Area-MN > 0 | ||
Edge Density (ED) | 0 ≤ ED, no limit | ||
Aggregation | |||
Aggregation (AI) | 0 ≤ AI ≥ 100 | ||
Landscape Division Index (DIVISION) | 0 ≤ DIVISION ≥ 1 | ||
Number of Patches (NP) | NP ≥ 1 | ||
Euclidean Nearest-Neighbor Distance (ENN) | ENN > 0 |
NP | PD | LPI | ED | LSI | AREA_MN | ENN_MN | DIVISION | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PD | 1 | |||||||
LPI | −0.61 | −0.61 | ||||||
ED | 0.94 | 0.94 | −0.69 | |||||
LSI | 0.94 | 0.94 | −0.69 | 1 | ||||
AREA_MN | −0.76 | −0.76 | 0.60 | −0.87 | −0.87 | |||
ENN_MN | −0.52 | −0.52 | 0.55 | −0.71 | −0.71 | 0.85 | ||
DIVISION | 0.63 | 0.63 | −0.97 | 0.74 | 0.74 | −0.69 | −0.66 | |
AI | −0.94 | −0.94 | 0.70 | −1 | −1 | 0.87 | 0.71 | −0.75 |
Forest Proportion | Equation | R2 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
0.1 | P = 0.2333 + 0.000163 NP | 50% | 0.00 |
0.2 | P = 0.2169 + 0.000369 NP | 97.2% | 0.00 |
0.3 | P = 0.2133 + 0.000438 NP | 97.5% | 0.00 |
0.4 | P = 0.2117 + 0.000501 NP | 93.2% | 0.00 |
0.5 | P = 0.2071 + 0.000605 NP | 85.1% | 0.00 |
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Rahimi, E.; Jung, C. Spatial Modeling of Insect Pollination Services in Fragmented Landscapes. Insects 2024, 15, 662. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15090662
Rahimi E, Jung C. Spatial Modeling of Insect Pollination Services in Fragmented Landscapes. Insects. 2024; 15(9):662. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15090662
Chicago/Turabian StyleRahimi, Ehsan, and Chuleui Jung. 2024. "Spatial Modeling of Insect Pollination Services in Fragmented Landscapes" Insects 15, no. 9: 662. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15090662