Larval Helicoverpa zea Transcriptional, Growth and Behavioral Responses to Nicotine and Nicotiana tabacum
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Artificial Diet Preparation, Insect Rearing and Plant Rearing
2.2. Growth Bioassay
2.3. Behavioral Assays
2.4. Microarray Experiment
2.5. Total RNA Purification and Labeling
2.6. Amplification and Labeling mRNA
2.7. Microarray Hybridization
2.8. Microarray Scanning and Analysis
2.9. Primer Design and qPCR
Gene Identifier1 | Gene Name | Forward Primer | Reverse Primer |
---|---|---|---|
AF286059.1 | actin A3b (ACTIN) | 5'-gcatccacgagaccacctac-3' | 5'-cctccggacagaactgtgtt-3' |
FJ997341.1 | aminopeptidase (APEP) | 5'-gccacgtctaggtccaacat-3' | 5'-ggagctgctgtagtggtcgt-3' |
JQ069957.1 | αTubulin (aTUB) | 5'-catgttgtaccgtggagacg-3' | 5'-ctggtagttgatgcccacct-3' |
AAX62028.1 | chymotrypsin (CMT) | 5'-gttctcagcaacagcgagtg-3' | 5'-aggaggtcacaccaatcagg-3' |
FJ493468.1 | ecdysone oxidase (EOX) | 5'-cgaccacgtaagagtgctga-3' | 5'-caacgtgtagcactcccaga-3' |
EU629216.1 | glucose oxidase (GOX) | 5'-tgactgctccaagactggtg-3' | 5'-gggtctgtcgagttgatggt-3' |
JF417983 | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GADPH) | 5'-gaagggcatcctcgactaca-3' | 5'-atgacacggttggagtagcc-3' |
Har_00110845 | juvenile hormone inducible protein (JH) | 5'-ggtctatccacgcgatgtct-3' | 5'-gaacggaacagcctctaacg-3' |
EU325554 | lipase (LPS) | 5'-catccagtgtacgcaccaac-3' | 5'-aaagcccgtagattccgttt-3' |
AAX62028.1 | trypsin (TRYP) | 5'-aacctcttccggtggttctt-3' | 5'-ccacgggtagcgtagttgtt-3' |
Jq744275.1 | ribosomal protein L13 (RPL13) | 5'-ccgaagggcaagaaggtatt-3' | 5'-attaatggtccacggagctg-3' |
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Growth Bioassay Results
3.2. Behavioral Assays
3.2.1. Nicotine Aversion Bioassay Results
3.2.2. Observed Incidences of Cannibalism
3.3. Overall Transcriptional Profile of H. zea
Probability | Fold Difference | Gene Description | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protease | |||||||
p value | Q value | Con | Tob | Ja Tob | Nic | Gene ID | Annotation |
0.0003 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 11.30 | 10.31 | 6.83 | Har_00002206 | aminopeptidase N |
0.0000 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 16.08 | 44.26 | 6.60 | Har_00003693 | carboxypeptidase B precursor |
0.0002 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 3.51 | 4.21 | 3.27 | Har_00011784 | chymotrypsin-like protease C3 |
0.0011 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 2.38 | 4.11 | 2.99 | Har_00108436 | chymotrypsinogen |
0.0008 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 1.87 | 3.37 | 1.57 | Har_00024333 | fat body aminopeptidase |
0.0015 | 0.04 | 1.00 | 6.73 | 9.41 | 4.22 | Har_00003913 | putative trypsin precursor Hz17 |
0.0003 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 2.83 | 5.16 | 2.05 | Har_00002324 | serine protease 6 |
0.0006 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.14 | 0.38 | 0.16 | Har_00001036 | serpin 28 |
0.0017 | 0.04 | 1.00 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.38 | Har_00083724 | serpin 6 |
0.0013 | 0.04 | 1.00 | 12.59 | 15.09 | 7.33 | Har_00003940 | trypsin precursor Hz1 |
0.0008 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 5.29 | 8.06 | 4.89 | Har_00088037 | trypsin-like protease |
Lipase | |||||||
p value | Q value | Con | Tob | Ja Tob | Nic | Gene ID | Annotation |
0.0002 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 7.47 | 16.32 | 3.58 | Har_00001844 | inactive lipase |
0.0000 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 39.75 | 46.26 | 8.15 | Har_00004503 | lipase |
0.0001 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 11.61 | 20.64 | 4.46 | Har_00033090 | lipase |
0.0001 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 6.74 | 15.89 | 3.09 | Har_00001997 | lipase-like protein |
0.0000 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 6.68 | 3.97 | 9.56 | Har_00099849 | pancreatic lipase 2 |
0.0002 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 2.20 | 3.49 | 0.38 | Har_00115947 | pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase |
Chitin and cuticle related | |||||||
p value | Q value | Con | Tob | Ja Tob | Nic | Gene ID | Annotation |
0.0000 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 4.99 | 6.08 | 1.69 | Har_00063917 | chitin binding PM protein |
0.0001 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 4.94 | 5.17 | 1.89 | Har_00001913 | chitin deacetylase |
0.0003 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 3.50 | 59.68 | 1.02 | Har_00043945 | cuticle protein 1 |
0.0008 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 8.06 | 66.50 | 2.24 | Har_00043942 | cuticle protein 1 |
0.0003 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 2.35 | 4.10 | 1.15 | Har_00041025 | cuticular protein CPR54 |
0.0002 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 2.94 | 12.34 | 1.23 | Har_00082622 | pupal cuticle protein |
0.0023 | 0.05 | 1.00 | 1.83 | 4.55 | 1.50 | Har_00082621 | pupal cuticle protein |
0.0003 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 2.32 | 8.20 | 1.15 | Har_00013205 | putative cuticle protein |
Probability | Fold Difference | Gene Description | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carbohydrate | |||||||
p value | Q value | Con | Tob | Ja Tob | Nic | Gene ID | Annotation |
0.0000 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 13.40 | 12.07 | 2.18 | Har_00076114 | alpha-amylase |
0.0017 | 0.04 | 1.00 | 0.54 | 0.02 | 0.75 | Har_00018505 | beta-glucosidase |
0.0020 | 0.04 | 1.00 | 6.40 | 0.11 | 2.89 | Har_00104504 | fructosidase |
0.0014 | 0.04 | 1.00 | 4.54 | 3.16 | 2.08 | Har_00073019 | glucose oxidase-like enzyme |
0.0000 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 6.31 | 5.16 | 2.42 | Har_00118222 | glucosidase |
0.0008 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 0.57 | 0.17 | 1.23 | Har_00022381 | glucosidase 2 subunit beta |
0.0025 | 0.05 | 1.00 | 0.59 | 0.39 | 1.08 | Har_00053711 | malate dehydrogenase |
0.0004 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.46 | 0.28 | 1.13 | Har_00053712 | malate dehydrogenase |
0.0021 | 0.05 | 1.00 | 1.77 | 0.42 | 3.94 | Har_00016370 | fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase |
Immune | |||||||
p value | Q value | Con | Tob | Ja Tob | Nic | Gene ID | Annotation |
0.0022 | 0.05 | 1.00 | 2.46 | 4.81 | 2.71 | Har_00040030 | antibacterial protein |
0.0004 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 7.80 | 5.69 | 2.50 | Har_00018468 | azurocidin-like precursor protein |
0.0011 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.22 | Har_00063138 | immunolectin-A precursor |
0.0001 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 16.69 | 22.48 | 5.85 | Har_00001788 | insect intestinal mucin 4 |
0.0000 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.20 | 0.83 | Har_00032536 | leucine-rich repeat-containing protein |
0.0000 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.37 | 0.11 | 0.52 | Har_00002593 | lysozyme |
0.0000 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 3.65 | 5.33 | 1.54 | Har_00090503 | polycalin |
Hormones | |||||||
p value | Q value | Con | Tob | Ja Tob | Nic | Gene ID | Annotation |
0.0017 | 0.04 | 1.00 | 0.59 | 0.32 | 0.80 | Har_00013687 | 13-dehydrecdysone 3b-reductase |
0.0002 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.80 | 4.04 | Har_00076173 | 13-dehydroecdysone 3alpha-reductase |
0.0013 | 0.04 | 1.00 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.73 | Har_00120046 | basic juvenile hormone sensitive hemolymph protein |
0.0009 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.86 | Har_00040042 | basic juvenile hormone-suppressible protein 1 |
0.0004 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 3.67 | 2.99 | 2.44 | Har_00101526 | carboxylesterase |
0.0001 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.38 | 0.19 | 0.95 | Har_00083637 | cytosolic juvenile hormone binding protein 36 kDa |
0.0001 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 5.10 | 16.75 | 2.21 | Har_00121616 | juvenile hormone binding protein |
0.0007 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 24.93 | 33.73 | 10.02 | Har_00118352 | juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase |
0.0004 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.39 | 0.03 | 0.67 | Har_00060924 | juvenile hormone resistance protein I |
Probability | Fold Difference | Gene Description | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chemosensory Proteins | |||||||
p value | Q value | Con | Tob | Ja Tob | Nic | Gene ID | Annotation |
0.0020 | 0.04 | 1.00 | 7.73 | 11.13 | 5.20 | Har_00070438 | antennal binding protein |
0.0004 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.70 | 0.39 | 0.82 | Har_00044567 | chemosensory protein |
0.0000 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.72 | 0.31 | 0.70 | Har_00079309 | chemosensory protein 3 |
0.0002 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.05 | Har_00046706 | chemosensory protein 9 |
0.0018 | 0.04 | 1.00 | 0.62 | 0.12 | 0.95 | Har_00030030 | chemosensory protein CSP1 |
0.0003 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.87 | 0.24 | 0.83 | Har_00004391 | chemosensory protein CSP2 |
0.0024 | 0.05 | 1.00 | 0.37 | 0.34 | 0.85 | Har_00051836 | chemosensory-like protein |
0.0002 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.45 | 0.27 | 0.64 | Har_00053566 | nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha 9 |
0.0002 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 15.19 | 26.94 | 7.54 | Har_00039993 | odorant-binding protein-2 precursor |
0.0018 | 0.04 | 1.00 | 2.90 | 14.68 | 0.80 | Har_00063353 | sensory appendage protein-like protein |
Cytochrome p450 | |||||||
p value | Q value | Con | Tob | Ja Tob | Nic | Gene ID | Annotation |
0.0009 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 0.33 | 0.52 | 0.20 | Har_00000415 | antennal cytochrome P450 CYP9 |
0.0013 | 0.04 | 1.00 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.06 | Har_00002998 | cytochrome P450 |
0.0010 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 1.75 | 1.68 | 8.64 | Har_00003806 | cytochrome P450 6B27 |
0.0005 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.53 | 0.10 | 2.69 | Har_00000851 | cytochrome p450 CYP337B1 |
0.0015 | 0.04 | 1.00 | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.78 | Har_00000866 | cytochrome P450 CYP4M7 |
0.0007 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 0.58 | 0.29 | 0.65 | Har_00000524 | gossypol-induced cytochrome P450 |
0.0023 | 0.05 | 1.00 | 0.59 | 0.25 | 3.29 | Har_00024682 | heat shock protein 20.1 |
0.0009 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 0.57 | 0.30 | 0.39 | Har_00024281 | heat shock protein 90 |
0.0004 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.47 | 0.18 | 0.79 | Har_00077695 | HSP90 cochaperone CDC37 |
GST | |||||||
p value | Q value | Con | Tob | Ja Tob | Nic | Gene ID | Annotation |
0.0009 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 0.38 | 0.33 | 0.68 | Har_00026463 | glutathione S-transferase |
0.0021 | 0.05 | 1.00 | 3.17 | 13.37 | 2.43 | Har_00002152 | glutathione S-transferase GSTX01 |
0.0004 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.75 | Har_00058848 | glutathione S-transferase omega 1 |
3.4. Protein and Lipid Digestion
3.5. Chitin Binding
3.6. Carbohydrate Metabolism
3.7. Immune Genes
3.8. Hormones and Growth
3.9. Chemosensory
3.10. Detoxification
3.11. Real Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gog, L.; Vogel, H.; Hum-Musser, S.M.; Tuter, J.; Musser, R.O. Larval Helicoverpa zea Transcriptional, Growth and Behavioral Responses to Nicotine and Nicotiana tabacum. Insects 2014, 5, 668-688. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects5030668
Gog L, Vogel H, Hum-Musser SM, Tuter J, Musser RO. Larval Helicoverpa zea Transcriptional, Growth and Behavioral Responses to Nicotine and Nicotiana tabacum. Insects. 2014; 5(3):668-688. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects5030668
Chicago/Turabian StyleGog, Linus, Heiko Vogel, Sue M. Hum-Musser, Jason Tuter, and Richard O. Musser. 2014. "Larval Helicoverpa zea Transcriptional, Growth and Behavioral Responses to Nicotine and Nicotiana tabacum" Insects 5, no. 3: 668-688. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects5030668