The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Oxidation Resistance of Cobalt-Based Superalloys
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. As-Cast Co-101 Microstructure
3.2. Microstructural Modification of Co-101 by Heat Treatment
3.3. Oxidation of Co-101
3.4. Microstructure of Stellite-21
3.5. Oxidation of Stellite-21
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The long, continuous carbide networks present in the as-cast microstructures act as preferential sites for oxidation attack.
- (2)
- The interdendritic M7C3 carbides in alloys with high C content (e.g., Co-101) cannot be fully solutioned and redistributed. Thus, oxidation attack along the interdendritic carbide network persists.
- (3)
- The interdendritic carbides in alloys with lower C content (e.g., Stellite-21) can be effectively dissolved and re-precipitated. This allows the carbide continuity to be significantly decreased, thereby eliminating significant attack along the interdendritic regions. However, damage to similar depths still occurs as a result of oxidation of grain boundary carbides.
- (4)
- The redistribution of C through heat treatments of this type adversely affected the ability of the alloy to form a compact, protective chromia layer, leading to a thicker external oxide scale and increased mass gain rates.
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alloy | Co | Cr | Ni | Mo | Fe | Si | Mn | C | W | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Co-101 | Nominal | (wt.%) | Bal. | 30.0 | 10.0 | 5.00 | 3.00 | 0.600 | 0.500 | 0.500 | - |
(at.%) | Bal. | 32.4 | 9.57 | 2.93 | 3.02 | 1.20 | 0.511 | 2.34 | - | ||
EDX | (wt.%) | Bal. | 33.86 | 9.87 | 4.89 | 1.15 | 0.72 | 0.63 | - | - | |
(at.%) | Bal. | 37.06 | 9.56 | 2.90 | 1.18 | 1.45 | 0.66 | - | - | ||
Stellite-21 | Nominal | (wt.%) | Bal. | 29.0 | 2.80 | 5.30 | 2.00 | 1.00 | 0.700 | 0.280 | 0.400 |
(at.%) | Bal. | 31.6 | 2.70 | 3.13 | 2.03 | 2.02 | 0.723 | 1.32 | 0.123 | ||
EDX | (wt.%) | Bal. | 28.61 | 2.79 | 5.37 | 2.26 | 0.94 | 0.75 | - | 0.34 | |
(at.%) | Bal. | 31.56 | 2.72 | 3.21 | 2.32 | 1.92 | 0.79 | - | 0.11 |
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Moffat, J.P.; Whitfield, T.E.; Christofidou, K.A.; Pickering, E.J.; Jones, N.G.; Stone, H.J. The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Oxidation Resistance of Cobalt-Based Superalloys. Metals 2020, 10, 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10020248
Moffat JP, Whitfield TE, Christofidou KA, Pickering EJ, Jones NG, Stone HJ. The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Oxidation Resistance of Cobalt-Based Superalloys. Metals. 2020; 10(2):248. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10020248
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoffat, James P., Tamsin E. Whitfield, Katerina A. Christofidou, Ed J. Pickering, Nicholas G. Jones, and Howard J. Stone. 2020. "The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Oxidation Resistance of Cobalt-Based Superalloys" Metals 10, no. 2: 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10020248