Influence of Deposition Patterns on Distortion of H13 Steel by Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Equipment
2.2. Experiment Setup
3. Results
3.1. Temperature History
3.2. In Situ Measurements of Distortion
3.3. Postprocess Distortion
4. Discussion
4.1. Contribution of Single Pass to the Total Distortion
4.2. Effect of Sequence of Heat Source
4.3. Effect of Structure Features
4.4. Application of Inherent Strain Analysis
5. Conclusions
- The highest peak temperature of 598 °C was obtained in the center of the substrate when the out–in pattern was employed, and severe temperature fluctuations occurred near the free end of the substrate in the sequence pattern.
- The distortion accumulated with deposition time using raster patterns (Cases 1 and 2). For spiral patterns (Cases 3 and 4), the distortion accumulated from previous layers could be decreased by about 14%, caused by the passes deposited near the center of the substrate.
- The S value was proposed to evaluate the distortion for all cases. For raster patterns, the distortion could be decreased by reducing the heated area. A 39.1% reduction of distortion could be obtained by the symmetry pattern. For spiral patterns, the existence of the passes along the y-direction increased the moment of inertia, resulting in enhancement of the ability of the substrate to resist bending distortion. A 68.6% reduction of distortion could be obtained by the out–in pattern.
- Additional water-cooling lead to the least distortion. By reducing the heated area and forming a narrower weld bead, a 77.6% maximum reduction of distortion could be obtained when 5 °C cooling water was used.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
ε* | Inherent strain |
εy | Yield strain |
σy | Yield stress |
β | Coefficient of thermal expansion |
Ty | Yield temperature |
Ty1 | Yield temperature for Case 1 |
Ty2 | Yield temperature for Case 2 |
A | Cross-sectional areas of c-bar |
A0/2 | Cross-sectional areas of s-bar |
E | Young’s modulus |
Tmax | Maximum temperature |
ρ | Density of the alloy wire |
α | Thermal diffusivity |
t | Characteristic time |
H | Heat input per unit length |
I | Moment of inertia of the substrate |
F | Fourier number |
Δt | Maximum rise in temperature |
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Deposited Materials | AM Technics | Thickness of Substrate | Structure of Part | Maximum Distortion | Literature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
H13 | LHW | 19 mm | Block | 2.52 mm | [16] |
Ti6Al4V | LBM | 12.7 mm | Wall | 2.07 mm | [10] |
Inconel® 625 | 2.76 mm | ||||
AlSi-316L | LSM | 8 mm | Block | 7.03 mm | [17] |
Ti6Al4V | LSM | 6 mm | Wall | 3.37 mm | [11] |
IN718 | DLF | 5 mm | Cylinder | 9.37 mm | [18] |
Element | C | S | P | Si | Mn | Cr | Mo | V | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Substrate | 0.130 | 0.006 | 0.016 | 0.290 | 0.650 | 0.016 | 0.003 | 0.001 | Bal. |
Wire | 0.450 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.820 | 0.500 | 4.750 | 1.100 | 0.800 | Bal. |
Depositing Parameters | Depositing Speed | Depositing Current | Depositing Voltage | Wire Feed Speed | Distance Per Pass | Dwelling Time Per Layer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | 0.2 m/min | 144 A | 19 V | 5 m/min | 5.75 mm | 300 s |
Case Number | Equation of the Fitting Plane | S Value/mm |
---|---|---|
Case 1 | 0.0121x − 0.0127y − 0.9998z − 5.1119 = 0 | 90.4 |
Case 2 | −0.0134x − 0.00024y + 0.9999z + 6.732 = 0 | 54.92 |
Case 3 | 0.0062x − 0.0031y + z + 5.2682 = 0 | 30.54 |
Case 4 | −0.0074x − 0.0102y + 0.9999z + 7.2311 = 0 | 28.38 |
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Li, X.; Lin, J.; Xia, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Fu, H. Influence of Deposition Patterns on Distortion of H13 Steel by Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing. Metals 2021, 11, 485. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11030485
Li X, Lin J, Xia Z, Zhang Y, Fu H. Influence of Deposition Patterns on Distortion of H13 Steel by Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing. Metals. 2021; 11(3):485. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11030485
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Xufeng, Jian Lin, Zhidong Xia, Yongqiang Zhang, and Hanguang Fu. 2021. "Influence of Deposition Patterns on Distortion of H13 Steel by Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing" Metals 11, no. 3: 485. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11030485