Corrosion Behaviour of Cemented Carbides with Co- and Ni-Alloy Binders in the Presence of Abrasion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Sample Preparation
2.2. Physical Characterization
2.3. The Abrasion–Corrosion Test System
2.4. Linear Sweep Voltammetry Setups for Electrochemical Characterization
2.5. Data Analysis
2.5.1. Wear Volume
2.5.2. Steady-State Abrasion–Corrosion Performance
2.5.3. Transient Abrasion–Corrosion Performance
3. Discussion and Results
3.1. Abrasion Resistance
3.1.1. Co-, CoNi- and CoNiCr-Based Grades
3.1.2. Impact of Systematic Variations of Cr Content
3.2. Corrosion Behaviour
3.2.1. Co- and Ni-Based Grades with Cr, Hf and Ru Addition
3.2.2. Impact of Systematic Variations of Cr Content
3.3. Abrasion–Corrosion Behaviour
3.3.1. Co- and Ni-Based Grades with Cr, Hf and Ru Addition
3.3.2. Impact of Systematic Variations of Cr Content
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Metallic Binder | Additive Carbide | [MB] (wt%) | WC Grain Size | Density (×103 kg m−3) | Hardness (HV30) | MMS (%) | TRS (MPa) | PT (MN m−3/2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | Co | - | 8 | s | 14.72 ± 0.02 | 1679 ± 9 | 89 ± 1 | 3410 ± 90 | 9.5 ± 0.4 |
A1 | Co | - | 6 | m | 14.91 ± 0.03 | 1442 ± 15 | 87 ± 1 | 3345 ± 76 | 11.8 ± 0.5 |
B1 | Co | - | 9 | m | 14.58 ± 0.02 | 1291 ± 12 | 88 ± 1 | 3379 ± 112 | 18.2 ± 0.4 |
B | Co | - | 10 | m | 14.46 ± 0.02 | 1398 ± 15 | 87 ± 1 | 3213 ± 64 | 18.0 ± 0.3 |
C | Co | - | 15 | m | 14.02 ± 0.01 | 1256 ± 19 | 90 ± 1 | 3248 ± 99 | >20 |
D | CoNiCr | - | 15 | m | 13.98 ± 0.02 | 1246 ± 7 | 86 ± 1 | 3137 ± 121 | >20 |
E | NiCr | - | 8 | f | 14.69 ± 0.02 | 1400 ± 18 | - | 3118 ± 107 | 11.8 ± 0.3 |
C1 | Co15Ru | - | 6 | m | 14.85 ± 0.02 | 1530 ± 13 | 77 ± 1 | 3276 ± 124 | 10.6 ± 0.4 |
D1 | Co | 0.5HfC | 6 | m | 14.82 ± 0.02 | 1490 ± 14 | 90 ± 1 | 3176 ± 94 | 9.7 ± 0.5 |
E1 | Alloyed Ni | - | 9 | m | 14.45 ± 0.03 | n.d. | - | n.d. | n.d. |
Batch | [Binder Base] | [Cr]binder | [Cr]HM | Density | Coercivity Hc | Specific Magnetic Moment at Saturation σs | Abrasion Resistance (See Text) A |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
m% | m% | m% | ×103 kg m−3 | kA m−1 | 10−7 T m3 kg−1 | 10−11 m3 r−1 | |
584 | Co 10 | 0 | 0 | 14.51 ± 0.02 | 8.28 ± 0.80 | 11.3 ± 0.2 | 22.7 ± 4.8 |
585 | Co 10 | 3 | 0.3 | 14.46 ± 0.02 | 9.23 ± 0.72 | 10.4 ± 0.1 | 17.0 ± 4.3 |
586 | Co 10 | 5 | 0.5 | 14.44 ± 0.02 | 10.03 ± 0.79 | 9.6 ± 0.1 | 14.1 ± 4.7 |
587 | Co 15 | 0 | 0 | 14.02 ± 0.02 | 5.77 ± 0.59 | 11.5 ± 0.2 | 54.1 ± 5.6 |
588 | Co 15 | 3 | 0.45 | 13.96 ± 0.01 | 6.84 ± 0.63 | 11.4 ± 0.2 | 43.6 ± 3.7 |
589 | Co 15 | 5 | 0.75 | 13.91 ± 0.02 | 7.16 ± 0.65 | 10.4 ± 0.2 | 38.1 ± 4.6 |
590 | Co 20 | 0 | 0 | 13.54 ± 0.01 | 4.91 ± 0.53 | 12 ± 0.2 | 91.0 ± 6.1 |
591 | Co 20 | 3 | 0.6 | 13.48 ± 0.02 | 5.71 ± 0.55 | 10.8 ± 0.2 | 79.7 ± 1.8 |
592 | Co 20 | 5 | 1.0 | 13.41 ± 0.02 | 5.78 ± 0.60 | 10.5 ± 0.2 | 69.0 ± 7.3 |
605 | Co 20 | 8 | 1.6 | 13.32 ± 0.02 | 4.51 ± 0.51 | 10.3 ± 0.1 | - |
606 | Co 20 | 10 | 2.0 | 13.29 ± 0.02 | 4.98 ± 0.40 | 10.1 ± 0.1 | - |
593 | Co 25 | 0 | 0 | 13.10 ± 0.01 | 3.69 ± 0.37 | 12.4 ± 0.2 | 99.4 ± 2.9 |
594 | Co 25 | 3 | 0.75 | 13.01 ± 0.02 | 4.40 ± 0.41 | 11.2 ± 0.2 | 92.7 ± 3.8 |
595 | Co 25 | 5 | 1.25 | 12.95 ± 0.02 | 4.81 ± 0.48 | 11.4 ± 0.2 | 89.0 ± 4.1 |
596 | Ni 15 | 0 | 0 | 14.05 ± 0.03 | - | - | 82.7 ± 2.5 |
597 | Ni 15 | 3 | 0.45 | 13.95 ± 0.03 | - | - | 76.2 ± 2.9 |
598 | Ni 15 | 5 | 0.75 | 13.89 ± 0.03 | - | - | 78.1 ± 2.6 |
599 | Ni 15 | 8 | 1.2 | 13.79 ± 0.02 | - | - | 73.1 ± 2.7 |
600 | Ni 15 | 10 | 1.5 | 13.75 ± 0.02 | - | - | 68.7 ± 1.0 |
607 | Ni 15 | 12 | 1.8 | 13.87 ± 0.03 | - | - | - |
608 | Ni 15 | 15 | 2.25 | 13.82 ± 0.03 | - | - | - |
Current growth | τ↑1 Fast component associated with the mechanical removal of the PPF. |
τ↓1 Slow component associated with the mechanical damaging of the bare composite. | |
Current decay | τ↑2 Fast component associated with the build-up of the surface coverage with the PPF. |
τ↓2 Slow component associated with the growth of the resistive film. |
Material | A | B | C | D | E |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight loss | 1.2678 | 4.1363 | 9.6851 | 5.9901 | 3.8484 |
Wear volume | 0.0862 | 0.2853 | 0.6918 | 0.4279 | 0.2618 |
WC-xCo | WC-xCo-1Ru | WC-xCo-0.5Hf | WC-9Nialloyed | |
---|---|---|---|---|
x = 6 | −0.220 ± 0.006 V (samp. A1) | −0.100 ± 0.005 V (samp. C1) | −0.305 ± 0.001 V (samp. D1) | - |
x = 9 | −0.275 V (samp. B1) | −0.110 ± 0.006 V | −0.331 ± 0.014 V | −0.081 ± 002 V (samp. E1) |
x = 12 | −0.312 ± 0.007 V | - | - | - |
A | B | C | D | E | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 0.170 ± 0.010 + parabola | 7.603 ± 1.024 + line | fast rise + line | 0.203 ± 0.001 + line | 0.2 + parabola |
2nd | 0.222 ± 0.003 0.934 ± 0.044 | 0.065 ± 002 1.139 ± 0.052 | 0.246 ± 0.007 8.165 ± 1.101 | 0.326 ± 0.003 1.922 ± 0.034 | 0.245 ± 0.001 2.574 ± 0.147 |
3rd | 0.183 ± 0.008 + parabola | 6.314 ± 3.173 | fast rise + line | 0.154 ± 0.002 | 0.173 ± 0.002 + line |
4th | 0.255 ± 0.083 + parabola | 0.028 ± 0.002 0.886 ± 0.027 56.77 ± 3.07 | 0.023 ± 0.001 1.198 ± 0.288 8.401 ± 1.103 | 0.164 ± 0.002 0.988 ± 0.667 50.58 ± 9.49 | 0.134 ± 0.003 43.52 ± 27.76 |
5th | 0.188 ± 0.001 2.628 ± 0.057 | 0.093 ± 0.002 6,448 ± 0.251 | 0.023 ± 0.008 0.356 ± 0.020 8.230 ± 1.558 | 0.282 ± 0.001 4.809 38.55 | 0.198 ± 0.001 3.115 ± 0.174 |
6th | 0.221 ± 0.002 8.756 ± 0.220 | 0.199 ± 0.029 4.014 ± 0.177 | 0.023 ± 0.002 0.734 ± 0.163 14.33 | 0.177 ± 0.000 4.726 ± 0.046 | 0.187 ± 0.001 17.17 ± 0.10 |
7th | 0.982 ± 0.020 40.25 ± 0.380 | 1.093 ± 0.250 173.9 ± 19.40 | 0.224 ± 0.094 20.54 ± 1.64 | 3.287 ± 0.272 22.81 ± 0.960 | 0.374 ± 0.023 128.7 ± 10.10 |
8th | 0.197 ± 0.001 | 0.034 ± 0.001 1.696 ± 0.027 | 0.031 ± 0.003 0.509 ± 0.112 5.425 ± 0402 | 0.218 ± 0.008 0.515 ± 0.043 6.112 ± 0.406 | 0.209 ± 0.001 3.152 ± 0.416 |
Grade | RPP (%) | τ↑1 (s) | τ↑2 (s) | τ↓1 (s) | τ↓2 (s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A: WC-6Co | 3.75 ± 0.34 | 1.70 ± 0.21 | 238.0 ± 11.0 | 13.13 ± 0.93 | 278.0 ± 12.0 |
B: WC-9Co | 5.41 ± 0.67 | 2.03 ± 0.13 | 69.0 ± 7.6 | 5.096 ± 0.771 | 227.0 ± 8.0 |
C: WC-6CoRu | 0.365 ± 0.023 | 0.97 ± 0.10 | 257.0 ± 14.0 | 0.690 ± 0.103 | 28.8 ± 1.7 |
WC-9CoRu | 0.453 ± 0.065 | 1.12 ± 0.25 | 262.0 ± 21 | 0.739 ± 0.094 | 109 ± 8.0 |
D: WC-6CoHf | 0.946 ± 0.134 | 0.97 ± 0.07 | 257.0 ± 12 | 24.44 ± 1.55 | 200.0 ± 7 |
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De Gaudenzi, G.P.; Tavola, F.; Tedeschi, S.; Bozzini, B. Corrosion Behaviour of Cemented Carbides with Co- and Ni-Alloy Binders in the Presence of Abrasion. Metals 2022, 12, 1914. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12111914
De Gaudenzi GP, Tavola F, Tedeschi S, Bozzini B. Corrosion Behaviour of Cemented Carbides with Co- and Ni-Alloy Binders in the Presence of Abrasion. Metals. 2022; 12(11):1914. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12111914
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Gaudenzi, Gian Pietro, Francesco Tavola, Sandra Tedeschi, and Benedetto Bozzini. 2022. "Corrosion Behaviour of Cemented Carbides with Co- and Ni-Alloy Binders in the Presence of Abrasion" Metals 12, no. 11: 1914. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12111914