Microstructures and Hardening Mechanisms of a 316L Stainless Steel/Inconel 718 Interface Additively Manufactured by Multi-Material Selective Laser Melting
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material and Sample Preparation
2.2. Multi-Material SLM System and Processing Parameters
2.3. Microstructural Characterisation
2.4. Hardness and Nanoindentation Measurements
3. Results
3.1. Interfacial Microstructures
3.2. XRD Analysis
3.3. Hardness
4. Discussion
4.1. Interfacial Microstructures
4.2. Hardening Mechanisms
5. Conclusions
- Multi-material 316L SS/IN 718 parts with high densification levels and low porosity content (>99% and ~0.81%, respectively) have been successfully manufactured using the in-house-developed MM SLM system.
- Nb- and Ti-rich carbides and Laves phase precipitates can be observed in the interfacial region of the MM SLM specimen based on TEM observations and EDX analysis.
- HV and nanoindentation measurements indicate that the interfacial hardness is between that of the individual IN 718 region (highest) and that of the individual 316L SS region (lowest).
- The hardening model built based on the linear additive theory suggests that the overall interfacial hardness is primarily provided by grain boundary hardening, followed by dislocation and solid solution hardening mechanisms. Precipitation hardening and intrinsic hardness contribute the least towards the overall interfacial hardness.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cr | Ni | Nb | Ti | Mo | Mn | Si | C | P | S | Fe | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
316L SS | 18.43 | 12.2 | - | - | 2.46 | 1.86 | 0.03 | 0.013 | 0.032 | 0.01 | Bal. |
IN 718 | 18.6 | 50.7 | 5.01 | 0.89 | 3.1 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.016 | 0.013 | - | Bal. |
Cr | Ni | Nb | Mo | Ti | Mn | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20.34 | 32.7 | 9.55 | 3.6 | 1.21 | 0.02 | Bal. |
Precipitates | Cr | Ni | Fe | Nb | Mo | Ti |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laves Carbide | 17.54 10.56 | 45.23 6.55 | 12.22 3.38 | 19.13 39.82 | 4.72 1.64 | 1.16 38.05 |
Hardening Mechanism | Symbol | Value | References |
---|---|---|---|
Ci | 3 | [56] | |
M | 3.05 | [52] | |
b | 0.26 nm | [27,28,46] | |
G | 77,000 GPa | [52,53] | |
α1 | 0.3 | [54] | |
Solid solution | kCr | 6.96 MPa/at. %2/3 Cr | [48] |
kNb | 10.58 MPa/at. %2/3 Nb | [48] | |
kMo | 10.05 MPa/at. %2/3 Mo | [48] | |
kTi | 9.18 MPa/at. %2/3 Ti | [48] | |
Orowan (precipitation) | fppt. | 1.43 vol. % | This work (TEM) |
rppt. | 15.0 nm | This work (TEM) | |
Dislocation | ρtotal | 0.942 × 1013 m−2 | This work (XRD) |
DC | 280 nm | This work (XRD) | |
Grain boundary | KHP | 2.8 MPa m−1/2 | [52,55] |
d | 45 µm | This work (EBSD) |
HV0 | HVSS | HVORO | HVρ | HVGB | HVPredicted | HVMeasured | Error (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 | 43 | 14 | 55 | 133 | 251 | 260 | 3.5 |
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Mohd Yusuf, S.; Mazlan, N.; Musa, N.H.; Zhao, X.; Chen, Y.; Yang, S.; Nordin, N.A.; Mazlan, S.A.; Gao, N. Microstructures and Hardening Mechanisms of a 316L Stainless Steel/Inconel 718 Interface Additively Manufactured by Multi-Material Selective Laser Melting. Metals 2023, 13, 400. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020400
Mohd Yusuf S, Mazlan N, Musa NH, Zhao X, Chen Y, Yang S, Nordin NA, Mazlan SA, Gao N. Microstructures and Hardening Mechanisms of a 316L Stainless Steel/Inconel 718 Interface Additively Manufactured by Multi-Material Selective Laser Melting. Metals. 2023; 13(2):400. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020400
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohd Yusuf, Shahir, Nurainaa Mazlan, Nur Hidayah Musa, Xiao Zhao, Ying Chen, Shoufeng Yang, Nur Azmah Nordin, Saiful Amri Mazlan, and Nong Gao. 2023. "Microstructures and Hardening Mechanisms of a 316L Stainless Steel/Inconel 718 Interface Additively Manufactured by Multi-Material Selective Laser Melting" Metals 13, no. 2: 400. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13020400