Eleven-Year Follow-Up on the Effect of Thermoplastic Aggregates’ Addition to Reinforced Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Carbonation Depth
3.2. Volume of Permeable Pore Space
3.3. Optical Microscopy and Stereoscopy
3.4. EIS Measurements
4. Conclusions
- Carbonation is observed in all mixes to a depth of 9.5 to 13.0 mm from the specimen surface. This carbonation is assumed to be expected at the age of 11 years. The addition of thermoplastics cannot be characterized significantly as a modifier of the mean carbonation depth for the tested specimens.
- Optical microscopy and stereoscopy of rebars’ surface revealed that the corrosion process has initiated. The pitting corrosion observed is mainly due to chloride diffusion since carbonation was not observed near the rebars. Chlorides existed in the specimens since they were immersed in 3.5 wt% sodium chloride solution for 240 days, and after their primary testing, they were left in laboratory ambient air up to the age of 11 years for the second testing described in the present study. The addition of thermoplastics did not seem to practically influence the extent of corrosion.
- EIS measurements reveal the absence of high rates of corrosion in all mixes. In all cases, the rebar resistance Rct was found to be very high (>108). This means that 12% by volume may be a good percentage for the replacement of conventional aggregates. The results were satisfactory and promising compared with the reference mix.
- Values of the parameters obtained from equivalent circuit fitting showed the existence of carbonation and macrogalvanic elements due to pitting corrosion. At the age of 11 years, Rs, which is the electrolyte resistance (concrete pore solution), was found to be approximately 10 times lower as compared with the values retrieved at the age of 240 days of the previous paper. The reduction of the n parameter for CPE2 from a value of approximately 1 (age of 240 days) to values of 0.44 to 0.59 (age of 11 years) is attributed to the existence of those macrogalvanic elements.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mix Component | Volume Replacement of Conventional Aggregates (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
0% (RM) | 12% HDPE | 12% PP | |
Water (kg/m3) | 205 | 205 | 205 |
Cement (kg/m3) | 350 | 350 | 350 |
Fine aggregates (kg/m3) | 876 | 666 | 666 |
Coarse aggregates (kg/m3) | 896 | 896 | 896 |
Polymer aggregates (kg/m3) | - | 73 | 86 |
Type of Specimen | Specimen ID | Number of Measurement Points | Carbonation Depth (mm) | Carbonation Depth (mm) Weighted Mean over Each Type of Specimen |
---|---|---|---|---|
RM | RM1 | 16 | 10.7 ± 0.8 | 10.5 ± 2.2 |
RM2 | 19 | 12.1 ± 1.1 | ||
RM3 | 15 | 9.5 ± 0.8 | ||
PP | PP1 | 21 | 10.9 ± 0.9 | 10.4 ± 0.9 |
PP2 | 18 | 10.5 ± 0.8 | ||
PP3 | 19 | 11.2 ± 0.9 | ||
HDPE | HDPE1 | 17 | 10.6 ± 0.7 | 11.7 ± 2.7 |
HDPE2 | 14 | 12.6 ± 0.9 | ||
HDPE3 | 15 | 13.0 ± 1.1 |
Sample’s Area | Carbonation | Volume of Permeable Pore Space (%) | t-Test for Mean Difference (Equal Variance Assumed) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Difference | p-Value | ||||
RM | Near the rebar | No | 14 ± 1 | 4 ± 2 | <0.01 |
Near the surface | Yes | 10.1 ± 0.8 | |||
PP | Near the rebar | No | 14 ± 4 | 4 ± 2 | <0.01 |
Near the surface | Yes | 10.2 ± 0.6 | |||
HDPE | Near the rebar | No | 13 ± 1 | 4 ± 1 | <0.01 |
Near the surface | Yes | 9.1 ± 0.8 |
Rs (Ω) | CPE1 | Rc (Ω) | CPE2 | Rct (Ω) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yo × 10−5 (Ω−1 sn) | n | Yo × 10−5 (Ω−1 sn) | n | ||||
RM | 1527 | 22.7 | 0.47 | 465 | 956 | 0.59 | >108 |
HDPE | 1390 | 22.0 | 0.43 | 435 | 361 | 0.46 | >108 |
PP | 1416 | 17.8 | 0.47 | 303 | 418 | 0.44 | >108 |
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Gavela, S.; Rakanta, E.; Ntziouni, A.; Kasselouri-Rigopoulou, V. Eleven-Year Follow-Up on the Effect of Thermoplastic Aggregates’ Addition to Reinforced Concrete. Buildings 2022, 12, 1779. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111779
Gavela S, Rakanta E, Ntziouni A, Kasselouri-Rigopoulou V. Eleven-Year Follow-Up on the Effect of Thermoplastic Aggregates’ Addition to Reinforced Concrete. Buildings. 2022; 12(11):1779. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111779
Chicago/Turabian StyleGavela, Stamatia, Eleni Rakanta, Afroditi Ntziouni, and Vasilia Kasselouri-Rigopoulou. 2022. "Eleven-Year Follow-Up on the Effect of Thermoplastic Aggregates’ Addition to Reinforced Concrete" Buildings 12, no. 11: 1779. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111779