Performance of Grouting Sleeve-Connected Prefabricated Beams Subjected to Impact Loading
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Numerical Model Verification
2.1. PC Beam Geometry Model
2.2. Material Model and Strain Rate Effects
2.3. Mesh Size and Contact
2.4. Comparison of Numerical Simulation and Experimental Results
3. Parametric Analysis
3.1. Impact Position
3.2. Concrete Strength
3.3. Stirrup Reinforcement Ratio
4. Single-Degree-of-Freedom Theoretical Calculation Method
4.1. Simplification of the Single-Degree-of-Freedom Model
4.1.1. Mass Conversion Factor
4.1.2. Load Conversion Factor
4.1.3. Simplification of the Impact Load
4.1.4. Simplification of the Resistance Model
4.2. Solving the Equation
4.3. Time-History Curve of Mid-Span Displacement
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Under impact loads, the areas of the PC beam that are immediately struck and the interfaces of precast and cast-in-place concrete are most vulnerable to damage. The bottom of the portion subjected to direct impact is prone to tensile damage. The interfaces of precast and cast-in-place concrete is prone to shear damage. Under the same impact load, the damage is most significant in the central half of the cast-in-place area of the PC beam. The protection of this portion should be increased;
- (2)
- The local stiffness of PC beams increased with the increase of concrete strength in precast sections. At the same time, the damage cracks in the mid-span of PC beams steadily decreased. When the precast concrete strength is C40 and C50, the residual displacement in the beam span is 5.72% and 9.72% lower than that of C30, respectively. Nevertheless, the interface between precast concrete and cast-in-place concrete is still the weak spot. Increasing the strength of precast concrete did not appreciably minimize the shear fractures of PC beams;
- (3)
- Increasing the stirrup reinforcement ratio in the cast-in-place concrete section can improve the local stiffness of the cast-in-place section of the PC beam. At the same time, the residual displacement of the beam span under the impact load is reduced. Compared with the stirrup ratio of 0.19%, when the stirrup ratio is 0.28% and 0.57%, the mid-span displacement of the beam decreases by 9.87% and 13.87%, respectively. The increase of the stirrup reinforcement ratio can enhance the shear resistance of the interface and effectively reduce the degree of damage to the interface in the mid-span section of the PC beam. Therefore, it is recommended to appropriately increase the stirrup rate in the cast-in-place area to improve the overall shear capacity of the beam.
- (4)
- In this study, the PC simply supported beam with continuous mass distribution was simplified to a single-degree-of-freedom model for analysis. The simplified model method based on equal high frequency impulse impact force was provided. The calculation findings revealed that the theoretical value is somewhat larger than the test value under low energy impact loading, with an average error of 20.1%, which is more accurate. When the impact energy increases, the deviation of both is greater. The single-degree-of-freedom computational model calculation approach is useful for the investigation of the dynamic response of PC beams under low-energy impact loads.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Banjara, N.K.; Ramanjaneyulu, K. Experimental and numerical study on behaviour of HSFRC overlay strip strengthened flexural deficient RC beams. Eng. Struct. 2019, 198, 109561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tran, D.T.; Pham, T.M.; Hao, H.; Chen, W. Numerical study on bending response of precast segmental concrete beams externally prestressed with FRP tendons. Eng. Struct. 2021, 241, 112423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, Y.; Chen, Z.; Guan, D.; Guo, Z. Experimental study on interior precast concrete beam-column connections with UHPC core shells. Structures 2021, 32, 1103–1114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Y.; Xue, Y.; Yu, Y.; Ma, N.; Shao, Y. Experimental study on flexural performance of partially precast steel reinforced concrete beams. J. Constr. Steel Res. 2017, 133, 192–201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, J.; Ding, C.; Rong, X.; Yang, H.; Wang, K.; Zhang, B. Experimental seismic study of precast hybrid SFC/RC beam-column connections with different connection details. Eng. Struct. 2020, 208, 110295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- An, Q.; Wang, Y.; Yu, H.; Wang, X. Seismic behaviour of anchored prefabricated wall–beam joints of bundled lipped channel-concrete composite wall structures. Thin-Walled Struct. 2022, 179, 109695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fahmy, M.F.M.; Idriss, L.K. Flexural behavior of large scale semi-precast reinforced concrete T-beams made of natural and recycled aggregate concrete. Eng. Struct. 2019, 198, 109525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cui, T.; He, H.; Cheng, S. Seismic performance research on precast wall-beam out-of-plane joint with ECC post-cast zone. Eng. Struct. 2022, 266, 114488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qasem, M.; Hasan, M.; Muhamad, R.; Mutafi, A. Non-linear 3D finite element analysis of precast reinforced concrete Beam-Column joint under monotonic static load. Mater. Today Proc. 2022, 65, 746–757. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, S.W.; Lee, C.S.; Shin, M.; Lee, K. Cyclic performance of precast coupling beams with bundled diagonal reinforcement. Eng. Struct. 2015, 93, 142–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, K.; Seo, E.; Hong, S. Cyclic flexural tests of hybrid steel—Precast concrete beams with simple connection elements. Eng. Struct. 2016, 118, 344–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.; Ma, H.; Li, Z.; Wang, W. Seismic behaviour of full-scale prefabricated RC beam-CFST column joints connected by reinforcement coupling sleeves. Structures 2020, 28, 2760–2771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, Z.; Wu, B.; Yang, S.; Hou, J.; Ji, Z.; Li, Y.; Huang, J.; Zhang, M. Experimental study on flexural behaviour of prefabricated concrete beams with double-grouted sleeves. Eng. Struct. 2021, 248, 113237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, J.; Zhu, J.; Bai, G.; Zheng, W. Experimental study on anchorage performance of steel bar-corrugated pipe grouted connection. Structures 2021, 34, 1834–1842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Temsah, Y.; Jahami, A.; Khatib, J.; Sonebi, M. Numerical analysis of a reinforced concrete beam under blast loading. MATEC Web Conf. 2018, 149, 02063. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tran, D.T.; Pham, T.M.; Hao, H.; Do, T.V.; Tran, T.T. Blast behaviour of precast segmental vs monolithic concrete beams prestressed with unbonded tendons: A numerical investigation. Int. J. Impact Eng. 2022, 104434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, C.; Jia, X.; Huang, Z.; Zhao, L.; Shang, W. Damage of full-scale reinforced concrete beams under contact explosion. Int. J. Impact Eng. 2022, 163, 104180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, H.; Chen, W.; Pham, T.M.; Hao, H. Analytical and numerical studies on impact force profile of RC beam under drop weight impact. Int. J. Impact Eng. 2021, 147, 103743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jin, L.; Lan, Y.; Zhang, R.; Du, X. Numerical analysis of the mechanical behavior of the impact-damaged RC beams strengthened with CFRP. Compos. Struct. 2021, 274, 114353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.; Tong, C.; Feng, L.; Du, W.; Wu, F. Evaluation and degradation mechanism of residual performance of RC beam after drop hammer impact. Int. J. Impact Eng. 2022, 169, 104335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, C.; Gholipour, G.; Mousavi, A.A. Nonlinear dynamic behavior of simply-supported RC beams subjected to combined impact-blast loading. Eng. Struct. 2019, 181, 124–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, Y.J.; Kim, C.; Cho, J. Investigation of Behavior of RC Beams Subjected to Impact Loading Considering Combination of Mass and Impact Velocity. Procedia Eng. 2017, 210, 353–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pham, T.M.; Hao, H. Plastic hinges and inertia forces in RC beams under impact loads. Int. J. Impact Eng. 2017, 103, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pham, T.M.; Hao, Y.; Hao, H. Sensitivity of impact behaviour of RC beams to contact stiffness. Int. J. Impact Eng. 2018, 112, 155–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kazemi, M.; Li, J.; Lahouti Harehdasht, S.; Yousefieh, N.; Jahandari, S.; Saberian, M. Non-linear behaviour of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP and CFRP bars grouted in sleeves. Structures 2020, 23, 87–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, H.; Chen, W.; Hao, H. Dynamic response of precast concrete beam with wet connection subjected to impact loads. Eng. Struct. 2019, 191, 247–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, Q.; Chen, T.; Xie, Z. Seismic experimental study on a precast concrete beam-column connection with grout sleeves. Eng. Struct. 2018, 155, 330–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, W.; Feng, H.; Ye, J.; Qian, J. Performance of precast concrete bridge piers with grouted sleeve connections against vehicle impact. Structures 2022, 44, 1874–1885. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- GB 50017-2017; Standard for Design of Steel Structures. China Architecture & Building Press: Beijing, China, 2017. (In Chinese)
- GB 50010-2010; Code for Design of Concrete Structures. China Architecture & Building Press: Beijing, China, 2015. (In Chinese)
- Arachchige, B.; Ghasemnejad, H. Post impact analysis of damaged variable-stiffness curved composite plates. Compos. Struct. 2017, 166, 12–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Karthick, P.; Ramajeyathilagam, K. Numerical study on ballistic impact behavior of hybrid composites. Mater. Today Proc. 2022, 59, 995–1003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, D.Z.; Zhi, X.D.; Fan, F.; Lin, L. The energy-based failure mechanism of reticulated domes subjected to impact. Thin-Walled Struct. 2017, 119, 356–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Livermore Software Technology Corporation. LS-DYNA Keyword User’s Manual Vol. 2; Livermore Software Technology Corporation: Livermore, CA, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Hong, Z.; Tao, M.; Cui, X.; Wu, C.; Zhao, M. Experimental and numerical studies of the blast-induced overbreak and underbreak in underground roadways. Undergr. Space 2022, 8, 61–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fang, C.; Rasmussen, J.D.; Bielenberg, R.W.; Lechtenberg, K.A.; Faller, R.K.; Linzell, D.G. Experimental and numerical investigation on deflection and behavior of portable construction barrier subjected to vehicle impacts. Eng. Struct. 2021, 235, 112071. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, G.; Wang, G.; Fan, Y.; Deng, K.; Lu, W.; Zhao, J. Dynamic response and performance of submarine tunnel subjected to surface explosions. Mar. Struct. 2021, 80, 103091. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, C.; Zhang, X.; Hao, H.; Cui, J. Discussion on the suitability of dynamic constitutive models for prediction of geopolymer concrete structural responses under blast and impact loading. Int. J. Impact Eng. 2022, 160, 104064. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, K.; Lu, F.; Peng, Y.; Li, X. Study on dynamic response of gravity dam under air blast load based on similarity law. Eng. Fail. Anal. 2022, 138, 106225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, L.; Jin, L.; Du, X. Influence of medium-low strain rate on the axial failure of CFRP-confined concrete columns: Meso-scale modellings. Constr. Build. Mater. 2022, 348, 128666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grote, D.L.; Park, S.W.; Zhou, M. Dynamic behavior of concrete at high strain rates and pressures: I. Experimental characterization. Int. J. Impact Eng. 2001, 25, 869–886. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, L.; Yue, C.; Zhou, Y.; Zhang, J.; Jiang, X.; Fang, Q. Experimental and mesoscopic study of dynamic tensile properties of concrete using direct-tension technique. Int. J. Impact Eng. 2021, 155, 103895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chung, C.; Lee, J.; Jung, R. Numerical simulations of missile impacts on reinforced concrete plates: IRIS-2010/2012 benchmark project. Nucl. Eng. Des. 2015, 295, 747–758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chung, C.; Choi, K.; Choi, H.S.; Lee, J. Local impact resistance analysis of prestressed concrete structures considering curvature and post-tensioning effects. Ann. Nucl. Energy 2020, 142, 107415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, T.L.; Wu, H.; Fang, Q. Dynamic behaviors of double-column RC bridge subjected to barge impact. Ocean Eng. 2022, 264, 112444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, M.; Jin, L.; Du, X. Numerical investigation of precast RC beam with unbonded prestressing tendon under impact loads. Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 2021; ahead-of-print. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, H.; Chen, W.; Huang, Z.; Hao, H.; Ngo, T.T.; Pham, T.M.; Yeoh, K.J. Dynamic response of monolithic and precast concrete joint with wet connections under impact loads. Eng. Struct. 2022, 250, 113434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Youssf, O.; ElGawady, M.A.; Mills, J.E. Displacement and plastic hinge length of FRP-confined circular reinforced concrete columns. Eng. Struct. 2015, 101, 465–476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, Y.; Yin, X.; Yu, B.; Hao, Q.; Xiao, X.; Jiang, L.; Wang, H.; Chen, C.; Xie, W.; Ding, H.; et al. Experimental analysis of dynamic behavior of elastic visco-plastic beam under repeated mass impacts. Int. J. Impact Eng. 2023, 171, 104371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.; Liu, X.; Yue, Q.; Zheng, M. Shear resistance of a novel wet connection for prefabricated composite beams under shear-bending coupling loading. J. Build. Eng. 2022, 45, 103636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gulec, A.; Kose, M.M.; Gogus, M.T. An analysis of the usability of prefabricated cage-reinforced composite beams with self-compacting and lightweight concrete under flexural loads. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 255, 119274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Parameters | Value | Parameters | Value | Parameters | Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2300 kg/m3 | A2 | 3.958 × 1010 Pa | 0.6805 | ||
a 2.33 × 107/b 9.33 × 107 Pa | A3 | 9.04 × 109 Pa | B | 0.0105 | |
6 × 108 Pa | B0 | 1.22 | a 0.032/b 0.011 | ||
N | 3.0 | B1 | 1.22 | a 0.036/b 0.015 | |
1.1884 | T1 | 3.527 × 1010 Pa | 3.0 × 10−5 s−1 | ||
A1 | 3.527 × 1010 Pa | T2 | 0 Pa | D1 | 0.04 |
fc | 3.5 × 107 Pa | 3.0 × 10−6 s−1 | D2 | 1 | |
a 0.1/b 0.157 | 3.0 × 1022 | a 0.01/b 0.017 | |||
0.18 | 3.0 × 1022 | Af | 1.6 | ||
G | 1.67 × 1010 Pa | 0.53 | Nf | 0.61 | |
A | 1.6 | 0.7 | |||
n | 0.61 | 0.5 |
Material | Material Model | Parameter | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Steel reinforcement, Steel impactor | MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC | Density | 7800 kg/m3 |
Young’s modulus | 209 GPa | ||
Poisson ratio | 0.3 | ||
Yield stress | 450 MPa | ||
Tangent modulus | 2.09 GPa | ||
Hardening parameter | 40 | ||
Strain rate parameter | 5 |
No. | Impact Location/mm | Concrete Strength/MPa | Stirrup Reinforcement Ratio/% |
---|---|---|---|
PC1 | 0 | 30 | 0.19 |
PC2 | 475 | 30 | 0.19 |
PC3 | 725 | 30 | 0.19 |
PC4 | 975 | 30 | 0.19 |
PC5 | 0 | 40 | 0.19 |
PC6 | 0 | 50 | 0.19 |
PC7 | 0 | 30 | 0.28 |
PC8 | 0 | 30 | 0.57 |
No. | Test/mm | Calculation/mm | (Calculation/Test) − 1 |
---|---|---|---|
B4a | 21.00 | 26.7 | 27% |
B4b | 29.84 | 38.82 | 29% |
B4c | 76.45 | 79.76 | 4.3% |
B4d | 117.65 | 188.9 | 61% |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zhou, L.; Li, X.; Yan, Q. Performance of Grouting Sleeve-Connected Prefabricated Beams Subjected to Impact Loading. Buildings 2022, 12, 2146. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122146
Zhou L, Li X, Yan Q. Performance of Grouting Sleeve-Connected Prefabricated Beams Subjected to Impact Loading. Buildings. 2022; 12(12):2146. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122146
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Longyun, Xiaojun Li, and Qiushi Yan. 2022. "Performance of Grouting Sleeve-Connected Prefabricated Beams Subjected to Impact Loading" Buildings 12, no. 12: 2146. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122146