Thermo-Energy Performance of Lightweight Steel Framed Constructions: A Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Case Study
2.1. Site and Climate
2.2. The Experimental Module
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Numerical Approach
3.2. Modelled Cases
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Thermal Performance per Element
4.2. Thermal Performance of the Building Envelope
4.3. Energy Performance for Heating of the Building
4.4. Parametric Study for the Energy Performance for Heating of the Building
4.5. Parametric Study for the Building Envelope Thermal Performance Impact on the Energy Consumption for Heating
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Material | Thermal Conductivity [W/(m∙K)] | Specific Heat [J/kg∙°C] | Density [kg/m3] |
---|---|---|---|
Steel profiles (C150/3, C200/3) | 50.00 | 420 | 7800 |
OSB 1 | 0.130 | 1700 | 620 |
Recycled-PET 2 thermal wadding | 0.054 | 1350 | 20 |
Wood fibreboard | 0.050 | 2100 | 270 |
Vapor barrier | 0.220 | 1700 | 130 |
Aluminium sheet | 160.00 | 880 | 2800 |
XPS 3 | 0.035 | 1450 | 35 |
PIR 4 sandwich panel | 0.023 | 1400 | 30 |
Element | Material Layers (from Inside to Outside) | d [mm] | R′-Value [(m2·K)/W] | U′-Value [W/(m2·K)] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ground floor above the crawl space | OSB | 24 | 3.677 | 0.272 |
Recycled-PET thermal wadding TIZ SOFTEX | 200 | |||
Steel sheet | 4 | |||
XPS | 40 | |||
Total thickness | 268.5 | |||
Exterior walls (north) | OSB | 24 | 3.185 | 0.314 |
Recycled-PET thermal wadding-TIZ SOFTEX | 200 | |||
Wood fibreboard | 22 | |||
Stationary air | 5 | |||
Wind barrier | ||||
Rear ventilated level (outside air) | 30 | |||
Fiber cement plate | 5 | |||
Total thickness | 286.1 | |||
Exterior walls (east and west) | OSB | 24 | 2.817 | 0.355 |
Recycled-PET thermal wadding TIZ SOFTEX | 150 | |||
Wood fibreboard | 22 | |||
Stationary air | 5 | |||
Wind barrier | ||||
Rear ventilated level (outside air) | 30 | |||
Fiber cement plate | 5 | |||
Total thickness | 230.5 | |||
Roof | OSB | 24 | 5.208 | 0.192 |
Recycled-PET thermal wadding TIZ SOFTEX | 200 | |||
Stationary air | 50 | |||
PIR sandwich panel | 120 | |||
Total thickness | 394.25 | |||
Door and windows | Glass with argon filling | 24 | 1.136 | 0.880 |
PVC casement | 92 | |||
Glass Curtain | Glass with argon filling | 44 | 1.351 | 0.740 |
PVC casement | 92 |
Modelled Cases | Rtot-Value [(m2∙K)/W] | R′-Value [(m2∙K)/W] | U′-Value [W/(m2∙K)] | ψ-Value [W/(m∙K)] | fRsi-Value [-] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exterior wall current field (east and west) | 3.660 | 2.637 | 0.379 | 0.066 | 0.802 |
Exterior walls current field (north) | 4.586 | 2.981 | 0.335 | 0.073 | 0.823 |
Exterior corner | 4.071 | 2.059 | 0.486 | 0.120 | 0.690 |
South Exterior wall-curtain wall left margin | 4.586 | 1.748 | 0.572 | 0.136 | 0.827 |
South Exterior wall-curtain wall right margin | 4.586 | 1.6542 | 0.218 | 0.148 | 0.826 |
Exterior wall-window | 3.660 | 1.841 | 0.543 | 0.104 | 0.796 |
Curtain glass—Ground floor above the crawl space | 2.053 | 1.714 | 0.583 | 0.072 | 0.748 |
Exterior wall (E,W)—Ground floor above the crawl space | 4.584 | 2.817 | 0.355 | 0.082 | 0.807 |
Exterior wall (N)—Ground floor above the crawl space | 5.247 | 3.140 | 0.319 | 0.077 | 0.822 |
Ground floor above the crawl space—current field | 6.453 | 3.951 | 0.253 | 0.034 | 0.918 |
Exterior wall (E,W)—intermediate floor | 3.660 | 2.476 | 0.404 | 0.101 | 0.922 |
Exterior wall (N)—intermediate floor | 4.586 | 3.454 | 0.290 | 0.055 | 0.945 |
Roof—current field | 7.987 | 5.924 | 0.169 | 0.0216 | 0.953 |
Roof ridge | 7.987 | 3.981 | 0.251 | 0.086 | 0.943 |
Roof eaves—exterior wall | 5.621 | 2.845 | 0.351 | 0.170 | 0.938 |
Modelled Cases | Subdivisions | Rtot-Value [(m2∙K)/W] | R′-Value [(m2∙K)/W] | U′-Value [W/(m2∙K)] | ψ-Value [W/(m∙K)] | fRsi-Value [-] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Curtain glass—Ground floor above the crawl space | Curtain glass wall | 1.351 | 1.384 | 0.723 | −0.007 | 0.748 |
Ground floor above the crawl space | 6.132 | 2.467 | 0.405 | 0.079 | 0.636 | |
Exterior wall (E,W)—Ground floor above the crawl space | Exterior wall (E,W) | 3.660 | 2.510 | 0.398 | 0.038 | 0.807 |
Ground floor above the crawl space | 6.132 | 3.211 | 0.311 | 0.045 | 0.777 | |
Exterior wall (N)—Ground floor above the crawl space | Exterior wall (N) | 4.586 | 2.897 | 0.345 | 0.038 | 0.794 |
Ground floor above the crawl space | 6.132 | 3.426 | 0.292 | 0.039 | 0.822 | |
Roof eaves—exterior wall | Roof eaves | 7.987 | 2.510 | 0.398 | 0.116 | 0.895 |
Exterior wall | 4.586 | 3.167 | 0.316 | 0.054 | 0.938 |
Type | Building Envelope Element | ATotal | R′ | |
---|---|---|---|---|
[m2] | [m2 K/W] | [W/K] | ||
1 | Exterior Wall | 76.57 | 2.36 | 32.49 |
2 | Roof | 27.61 | 3.86 | 7.15 |
3 | Ground floor above the crawl space | 23.04 | 3.30 | 6.99 |
4 | Curtain wall | 9.53 | 1.35 | 7.06 |
5 | Glazing surfaces | 4.92 | 1.14 | 4.33 |
Building Envelope | ATotal | R′m | U′m | |
---|---|---|---|---|
[m2] | [m2 K/W] | [W/K] | [W/m2 K] | |
Total B. Env. | 141.67 | 2.69 | 58.02 | 0.37 |
Parameters | Examined Range |
---|---|
Climatic zone | 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th zone |
Curtain wall orientation | S, SW, W |
Ventilation rate, n [h−1] | 0.5, 0.4, 0.3 |
Heating system efficiency, η [%] | 75—Hot-water floor heating system 40°/30 °C 80—Water radiator 70°/40 °C with manifold 82—Electric floor heating 83—Water radiator 45°/35 °C with manifold 86—Roof heating (i.e., electric) 87—Water radiator 70°/40 °C 89—Water radiator 45°/35 °C 95—Electric heater |
Values | qheat [kWh/(m2·yr)]—Energy Class per Climatic Zone | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | |
Minimum | 71.09—B | 85.46—B | 100.17—B | 119.21—C | 142.77—C |
Maximum | 109.38—B | 128.62—B | 150.37—C | 178.40—C | 211.99—D |
Type | Building Envelope Element | R′ [m2 K/W] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ref. | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | ||
1 | Exterior Wall | 2.36 | 2.36 | 2.36 | 2.36 | 4.00 |
2 | Roof | 3.86 | 5.00 | 3.86 | 5.00 | 6.67 |
3 | Ground floor above the crawl space | 3.30 | 3.30 | 4.50 | 4.50 | 5.00 |
4 | Curtain wall | 1.35 | 1.35 | 1.35 | 1.35 | 1.35 |
5 | Glazing surfaces | 1.14 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 1.14 |
qheat [kWh/(m2·yr)] | 107.79 | 104.70 | 104.25 | 101.14 | 72.12 | |
Reduction | 3% | 3% | 6% | 33% |
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Moga, L.; Petran, I.; Santos, P.; Ungureanu, V. Thermo-Energy Performance of Lightweight Steel Framed Constructions: A Case Study. Buildings 2022, 12, 321. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030321
Moga L, Petran I, Santos P, Ungureanu V. Thermo-Energy Performance of Lightweight Steel Framed Constructions: A Case Study. Buildings. 2022; 12(3):321. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030321
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoga, Ligia, Ioan Petran, Paulo Santos, and Viorel Ungureanu. 2022. "Thermo-Energy Performance of Lightweight Steel Framed Constructions: A Case Study" Buildings 12, no. 3: 321. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030321