Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Mechanically Stabilized Earth Wall with Deformed Steel Bars Embedded in Tire Shred-Sand Mixture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Experimental Work
2.1.1. Materials Used
The Investigated Sand
Tire Shreds
2.1.2. Deformed Steel Bars
2.1.3. Physical Setup and Test Procedure
2.1.4. Backfilling of MSE Wall
2.1.5. Instrumentation of the Model
2.2. Numerical Modeling
2.2.1. The Parameters of the Model
2.2.2. Material Properties and Specifications
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Experimental Model Results
3.2. Numerical Model Results
3.3. Comparison between Numerical and Experimental Model
4. Conclusions and Future Prospects
- From the results of the large-scale model, the face deflection observed at 20 kPa observed in the sand only and in tire-shred, the sand mixture is relatively the same; at 30 kPa and 40 kPa, the tire shred-sand mixture with reinforcement gave 36% and 58% reduction in deflection as compared to sand with the reinforcement. This is because of the lightweight properties of the mixture, which results in less overburden pressure resulting in lower deflection.
- The vertical settlement observed in the large-scale model, the tire shred-sand mixture at 20 kPa and 30 kPa, shows higher settlement than sand, i.e., a 33% rise in the settlement was noted. At 40%, this difference rises to 36% due to the sand minimum void ratio compared to tire shred-sand mixture, and due to increased density, their compressibility was consistently lower than that of tire shred-sand mixture with reinforcement.
- The experimental values observed were 12% higher than that of numerical. In the case of sand, the percent difference between numerical and experimental values is only 12%. In the case of tire shreds, this difference seems to be 15% for the same conditions.
- For vertical settlement in experimental and numerical values, the difference for sand was found to be 5%, which is in the acceptable range for a peak load of 40 kPa but 0% in case of a tire, shreds for the same load and conditions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Description | Type | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Tire Shred-Sand Mixture | Unit Weight, ϒw (kN/m3) | Unsaturated | 19 |
Unit Weight, ϒw (kN/m3) | Saturated | 19 | |
Poisson Ratio, υ | - | 0.35 | |
e | Initial | 0.5 | |
E (MPa) | - | 7.143 | |
c (kN/m2) | - | 0.54 | |
Rint | - | 0.67 | |
Phi (Degree) | - | 39 | |
Only Sand | Unit Weight, ϒw (kN/m3) | Unsaturated | 23 |
Unit Weight, ϒw (kN/m3) | Saturated | 23 | |
Poisson Ratio, υ | - | 0.35 | |
e | Initial | 0.5 | |
E (MPa) | - | 10 | |
c (kN/m2) | - | 0.1 | |
Rint | - | 0.67 | |
Phi (Degree) | - | 32 |
Deformed Steel Bars Act as Embedded Piles | |
---|---|
E (GPa) | 200 |
Unit weight (ϒ), kN/m3 | 78.5 |
Diameter (m) | 0.01 |
Ttop max (kN/m) | 1 |
Ttop Bottom (kN/m) | 1 |
Vertical Spacing, Sv (m) | 0.15 |
Horizontal Spacing, Sh (m) | 0.15 |
Box Properties | |
---|---|
E (GPa) | 200 |
Unit weight (ϒ), kN/m3 | 78.5 |
Thickness (mm) | 2 |
Load (kPa) | Descriptive Case | Max. Top Face Deflection (mm) | Max. Settlement (mm) |
---|---|---|---|
0 | Sand with Reinforcement | 0 | 0 |
20 | 0.112 | 2 | |
30 | 0.246 | 3.0 | |
40 | 0.537 | 3.8 | |
0 | Tire Shred-sand Mixture with reinforcement | 0 | 0 |
20 | 0.138 | 3 | |
30 | 0.161 | 4.50 | |
40 | 0.230 | 6 |
Description | Load (kPa) | Deflection (mm) | Settlement (mm) |
---|---|---|---|
Tire shred-sand mix with reinforcement | 0 | 0 | 0 |
20 | 0.12 | 4 | |
30 | 0.14 | 5 | |
40 | 0.2 | 6 | |
60 | 0.36 | 8.5 | |
80 | 0.48 | 11 | |
100 | 0.9 | 13 | |
200 | 2.4 | 24 | |
300 | 4.8 | 34 | |
300 and above | fails | fails | |
Only sand with reinforcement | 0 | 0 | 0 |
20 | 0.1 | 2.4 | |
30 | 0.22 | 3.2 | |
40 | 0.48 | 4 | |
60 | 1.6 | 6 | |
80 | 2.75 | 9 | |
100 and above | fails | fails |
Description | Loads (kPa) | Face Deflection (mm) | Vertical Settlement (mm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Numerical | Experimental | Numerical | Experimental | ||
Tire shred-sand mix with reinforcement | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
20 | 0.12 | 0.138 | 4 | 3 | |
30 | 0.14 | 0.161 | 5 | 4.5 | |
40 | 0.2 | 0.23 | 6 | 6 | |
60 | 0.36 | - | 8.5 | - | |
80 | 0.48 | - | 11 | - | |
100 | 0.9 | - | 13 | - | |
200 | 2.4 | - | 24 | - | |
300 | 4.8 | - | 34 | - | |
300 and above | fails | ||||
Only sand with reinforcement | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
20 | 0.1 | 0.112 | 2.4 | 2 | |
30 | 0.22 | 0.246 | 3.2 | 3 | |
40 | 0.48 | 0.537 | 4 | 3.8 | |
60 | 1.6 | - | 6 | - | |
80 | 2.75 | - | 9 | - | |
100 and above | fails | - | fails | - |
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Khan, B.J.; Ahmad, M.; Sabri, M.M.S.; Ahmad, I.; Zamin, B.; Niekurzak, M. Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Mechanically Stabilized Earth Wall with Deformed Steel Bars Embedded in Tire Shred-Sand Mixture. Buildings 2022, 12, 548. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050548
Khan BJ, Ahmad M, Sabri MMS, Ahmad I, Zamin B, Niekurzak M. Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Mechanically Stabilized Earth Wall with Deformed Steel Bars Embedded in Tire Shred-Sand Mixture. Buildings. 2022; 12(5):548. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050548
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhan, Beenish Jehan, Mahmood Ahmad, Mohanad Muayad Sabri Sabri, Irshad Ahmad, Bakht Zamin, and Mariusz Niekurzak. 2022. "Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Mechanically Stabilized Earth Wall with Deformed Steel Bars Embedded in Tire Shred-Sand Mixture" Buildings 12, no. 5: 548. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050548