Managing Strategies to Revitalize Urban Cultural Heritage after Wars: The Center of the Old City of Mosul as a Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Cultural Legacy
1.2. Impact of Wars on Cultural Heritage
1.3. Aspects of Impact
2. Reviving the Cultural Heritage after Disasters and Wars
2.1. The Different Directions for the Reconstruction and Revival of the Urban Heritage
2.1.1. Revivalism (by Reviving the Old)
2.1.2. Evolving Trend (Mixing Old and New)
2.1.3. Symbolic Trend (Witness to Events—No Change)
2.2. Previous Experiences of Revitalization after Wars
2.2.1. Historic City Center of Warsaw in Poland
2.2.2. The Reconstruction Experience of the Old Center of Beirut, Lebanon
2.3. Approaches of International Organizations in Dealing with Heritage Areas after Disasters, Wars and Armed Conflicts
2.3.1. UNESCO-World Bank Paper 2018 (The Role of Culture in Reviving the Heritage after Wars)
2.3.2. UN-Habitat and UNESCO “Press Release: UN-Habitat and UNESCO Launch Plan to Reconstruct Mosul” 2018
2.4. International Organization for Migration (IOM) 2021, Reviving the Old Cities of Mosul and Basra: Restoring Iraq’s Historical and Cultural Heritage as a Pillar of Economic Recovery
2.5. The Theoretical Framework for Managing the Strategies of Reviving Urban Heritage after Wars
3. Practical Study—The Study Area (the Center of the Old City of Mosul)
3.1. The Study Area
3.2. The Urban Heritage Status of the Old City of Mosul after the War
3.3. Selection and Description of the Terms Adopted within the Practical Study (Strategies for Reviving the Urban Heritage of the Old City of Mosul)
- Revitalization of urban structures at the level of the urban fabric of the old city, as shown in Figure 8, which shows a recent satellite image of the area. The figure includes an assessment of the state of the urban fabric of the city and the extent of the destruction that it was subjected to as a result of terrorist operations. The buildings were divided into three categories, according to the level of destruction (buildings that were destroyed, buildings that sustained severe damage, and buildings that sustained slight damage). The buildings are dealt with according to their condition and importance, as well as the state of the urban fabric, which is characterized as being an organic and cohesive fabric with narrow roads and alleys, which imposes that the destroyed areas be reconstructed in the same pattern as the old area (and not necessarily as a replica), in order to preserve the urban structure and formality of the old city. As for the important heritage buildings that have been destroyed, they may be reconstructed in a manner that combines the old and the modern, or through are rehabilitation of the remains while preserving what is left of the existing building.
- Functional re-balancing, in which the same uses and function of buildings that carry a spiritual value for the community and are linked to their customs and traditions—such as religious buildings and places of worship—are preserved. In some cases, the uses of heritage buildings are changed and adapted to carry out contemporary functions, such as becoming administrative buildings or residential buildings and khans, with the addition of new uses that can lead to the revitalization of the area and its heritage neighborhoods; this should include a review of which uses do not fit the nature of the heritage area, such as industrial uses.
- Reviving the city’s past by reconstructing some of the historical monuments that play a role in forming the collective memory of the city (the old picture) with replicas having the same details, such as the Al-Hadba minaret and other landmarks that contributed to the formation of the city’s memory through the ages, such as churches and ancient mosques.
- Improving the standard of social life—the fulfillment of basic human needs (e.g., food, housing, and health services) is a part of relief work to provide the basic needs caused by the war. Therefore, the process of reviving social-cultural heritage is carried out through community reconstruction and revival of the social system of the community.
- Activating the community’s role in revitalizing through community participation in decision-making, strengthening their capabilities, and qualifying them to contribute to construction work, especially using traditional materials and methods.
- Raising the level of cultural awareness among the population by informing them of the importance of reviving and preserving their cultural heritage.
- Achieving social cohesion by preserving the local population in the region and organizing their return to the region, thus contributing to the revival of cultural heritage in the region.
- Reviving the customs and traditions through local activities related to the cultural heritage that characterize the society in the old city, especially gatherings during religious practices and holidays.
- Strengthening the local economy by investing in urban heritage to revitalize the region’s economy, reviving traditional crafts, and encouraging traditional activities and uses that attract tourism while simultaneously providing job opportunities.
- Raising the economic level of the region through the introduction of new activities, especially cultural and tourist activities.
- Providing the appropriate financial funding to manage the process of reviving the cultural heritage in the city, which is achieved through the involvement of various parties, such as the private sector or international organizations concerned with heritage (e.g., UNESCO and the World Bank), granting advances to the community in order to carry out restoration, maintenance, and repair of their heritage properties (e.g., residential houses, markets, and antique shops) within the old fabric of the city.
3.4. Data Collection and Measurement Method
- Specialized description form; this contains a detailed explanation of each secondary variable within the indicators of strategies for reviving the urban heritage, represented by urban strategies, social strategies, and economic strategies.
- Measurement Form; this includes a test to verify each of the possible values through the checklist. The list is filled out by the researchers, based on the information extracted from the specialized description form for each of the proposed projects and each item, according to its specificity and in line with the research objective; it includes a measurement mechanism for each of the three terms, indicating whether the variable was verified or not through two values (0, lack of verification; 1, verified).
- Extracting the percentages; this is carried out by measuring the verification percentages for each item, according to its secondary variables within the selected samples. The recurring percentages were calculated using the following equation:
3.5. Selected Sample
3.5.1. The First Project: The Revival of Khan Hamou Qaddo
3.5.2. The Second Project: Reconstruction of Khan Al-Komrk
4. Analyzing the Results
Discussion of the Results
5. Conclusions
- ✓
- In the case of the old city of Mosul, many factors dominate the process of revitalizing the urban heritage in the city, due to the nature of the special area, the societal and religious diversity, and the diversity of existing urban and functional patterns. For this purpose, the management of the urban heritage revival plan in the city must follow a comprehensive and integrated plan, starting from the planning stage, which involves studying the reality of the situation and evaluating the damages, and which must lead to the implementation and monitoring stages for the plan’s items, and according to the project goals.
- ✓
- The management of strategies for the revitalization of urban heritage must be implemented within a comprehensive and long-term sustainable development process including all urban, social, and economic aspects related to the city’s cultural heritage; beginning at the early stages of the city’s reconstruction (i.e., after the end of the war and the return of stability to the city).
- ✓
- The old city of Mosul in particular, and its revival and restoration is one of the most important contemporary topics, which pointed to the importance of considering its spatial value within its urban culture.
- ✓
- Encouraging private investment opportunities based on protecting cultural heritage and its use for cultural tourism.
- ✓
- Involve local communities of the old city of Mosul in the management of planning and maintenance process of the heritage site in the old city to create a national sense of the importance of their role of these local communities.
- ✓
- The maximum benefits from cultural heritage can be achieved through managing the conservation and protection strategy for heritage buildings.
- ✓
- The most appropriate strategy for the revitalization of the city is through the replication of some important landmarks that play moral roles in building the memory of the place and society.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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The Strategy | The Mechanism of Achieving It | ||
---|---|---|---|
Urban | Reconstruction of urban structures | Revival of the old, in the same style, construction methods, and traditional building materials | |
Sophisticated revival (mixing old and new) using contemporary methods and materials | |||
Symbolic revival by maintaining the condition of the urban heritage as it is, as a witness to the war event | |||
Functional Re-balancing | Preserving the old uses and functions | ||
Adaptation and Reuse of Heritage Buildings with Contemporary Functions | |||
Reconsidering some of the uses that are not appropriate to the nature of the heritage area | |||
Adding new uses | |||
Revitalizing the city’s memory | Reconstruction of landmarks, symbols, and heritage buildings | ||
Social | Meeting the basic needs of society and improving the standard of living in society by providing job opportunities | ||
Strengthening the role of the community through community participation in decision-making and in construction work | |||
Raising the level of cultural awareness of the population, and informing them of the importance of reviving and preserving their cultural heritage | |||
Maintaining the local community by meeting their basic needs and organizing their return to the area | |||
Maintaining social relationships among the local community | |||
Reviving the local customs, traditions, and activities related to the cultural heritage that characterize the society | |||
Economic | Strengthening the local economy | Investing in urban heritage to revitalize the economy of the region | |
Revitalization of traditional crafts | |||
Providing job opportunities while encouraging activities and traditional uses that attract tourism | |||
Raising the economic level of the area by introducing new activities or reviving old ones | |||
Provide financing | Provide the appropriate funding to manage the process of reviving the cultural heritage | Private sector | |
International organizations and institutions interested in heritage | |||
Encouraging the private sector to invest and involve it in managing the region after its revival | |||
Granting advances to the community for the restoration, maintenance, and repair of their heritage properties |
First/Possible Values for the Urban Strategies Term—X | |
Urban Revitalization X1 | The khan was reconstructed in the same old style, while also in the spirit of the age through the use of contemporary finishing materials in the construction and the addition of new architectural elements in the storefronts inside the khan. |
Functional re-balancing X2 | Through the reconstruction process of the khan, the same uses that existed previously were preserved, with the addition of some new heritage uses of tourist value, related to the industries and handicrafts of the old Mosul, while exploiting the central courtyard of the project as a cultural space with cultural uses. |
Revitalizing the Memory of the City X3 | By observing the reconstruction process in this project, the distinctive features and heritage elements of the project were reconstructed. Thus, the process of revival in this project contributed to preserving the memory of the old city. |
Second/the Possible Values of the Social Strategies Term—Y | |
Improving the living standard of the local community Y1 | After the project was completed, it contributed to meeting the basic needs of the community by providing a place for shopping and trade. The project contributed to providing job opportunities in trade within its premises, which contributed to the return to life and the return of shop owners to their previous stores, where they are able to carry out their daily work; this allowed for a kind of stability in the local community after the displacement of most of the workers and visitors to this site outside the city, due to the presence of armed operations. |
Community Empowerment Y2 | Before starting the project, community participation in decision-making did not occur with the funding body, and emphasis on Community participation in construction work had to be built. Maintaining social relationships. |
Upgrading the local community culturally Y3 | One of the effects resulting from this project is its contribution to the revival of activities related to the cultural heritage of the Mosul community, through investing in the central courtyard of the khan for the cultural activities and events of the Mosul community. |
Third/Possible Values of the Economic Strategies Term—Z | |
Strengthening the local economy Z1 | The project was distinguished by the adoption of several mechanisms to enhance the local economy, by investing in the urban heritage of the site to revitalize the economy by reviving the old khan in its old style, which added an exceptional heritage value to the project, which contributed to its success. Several decisions were made, at the design level, to allocate several shops as exhibitions and workshops to revive traditional crafts, which contributed to providing job opportunities for the local community. |
provide financing Z2 | The project was accomplished through reliance on the private sector; specifically, the family who owns the site. |
First/Possible Values for the Urban Strategies Term—X | |
Urban Revitalization X1 | The reconstruction and revitalization operations in the project focused on the restoration and maintenance of the damaged parts of the project’s structure, including repairing the distinctive urban heritage elements, such as the decorations on the facades of the building, in the same style, using the same building and finishing materials. |
Functional re-balancing X2 | The revitalization and reconstruction of this site focused on fully preserving the old uses that previously existed in the project—that is, commercial uses—while exploiting the central space of the project as a social and cultural space for artistic events and activities. |
Revitalizing the Memory of the City X3 | The reconstruction and revival of this heritage site focused on preserving the ancient architectural and heritage elements of this khan and, consequently, the revival operations contributed to restoring part of the city’s memory, despite the destruction of the heritage fabric in the context of the heritage site. |
Second/The Possible Values of the Social Strategies Term—Y | |
Improving the living standard of the local community Y1 | The revitalization process of the Khan Karnak project contributed to improving the living standard of the local community relying on the existing urban heritage, by providing work opportunities within the shops, storage and loading spaces, and transporting goods to the Khan, thus contributing to the restoration of stability of the ongoing activity within the city and resettlement of the local community |
Community Empowerment Y2 | Before starting the project, community participation in decision-making occurred with the funding body, and emphasis on community participation was present in the construction work; however, maintaining social relationships not in focus |
Upgrading the local community culturally Y3 | The reconstruction and revival of some of the open spaces in the project contributed to the revival of images of life embodied in the Mosul heritage, by investing in the establishment of social and educational events and activities aimed at raising the awareness of the local community, spreading a culture of tolerance, and renouncing the armed conflicts and extremism caused by terrorist groups when occupying the city. |
Third/Possible Values of the Economic Strategies Item—Z | |
Strengthening the local economy Z1 | The design thought for the reconstruction and revival of this project relied on the adoption of several mechanisms to enhance the local economy, by investing in the urban heritage of the site to revitalize the economy by reviving the old khan in the same style, which added exceptional heritage value to the project, which contributed to its success. |
provide financing Z2 | The project was accomplished through reliance on the private sector; specifically, the family who own the site. |
Strategy | The Mechanics of Achieving it | Verified | Unverified | Final Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban X | Revitalizing urban structures X1 | Revitalization of the old | Keeping the same style and model X1–1 | ● | 1 | |||
Conservation of traditional construction materials and methods X1–2 | ● | 0 | ||||||
Mixing ancient and modern | Use new styles and models X1–3 | ● | 1 | |||||
The use of contemporary building methods, methods, and materials X1–4 | ● | 1 | ||||||
Symbolic revival | Maintaining urban heritage status X1–5 | ● | 0 | |||||
Functional re-balancing X2 | Keeping the same old use and function X2–1 | ● | 1 | |||||
Adaptation and reuse of heritage buildings with contemporary functionality X2–2 | ● | 0 | ||||||
Removal of uses that are not appropriate for the nature of the heritage area X2–3 | ● | 0 | ||||||
Adding new uses X2–4 | ● | 1 | ||||||
Revitalizing the Memory of the City X3 | Reconstruction of heritage monuments, symbols and buildings X3–1 | ● | 1 | |||||
Sum of the values of the first variable (urban strategy) = 10 | Percentage of total achievement of the values of the first variable (urban strategy) = 60% | |||||||
Total achieved values for the first variable (the urban strategy) = 6 | ||||||||
Social Y | Improving the living standard of the local community Y1 | Meet the basic needs of society Y1–1 | ● | 1 | ||||
Create job opportunities Y1–2 | ● | 1 | ||||||
Maintaining the local community by organizing their return to the area Y1–3 | ● | 1 | ||||||
Empowerment of the local community Y2 | Community participation in decision-making and construction Y2–1 | ● | 0 | |||||
Maintaining Social Relations Y2–2 | ● | 0 | ||||||
Cultural upgrading of the local community Y3 | Raising the cultural awareness of the population Y3–1 | ● | 1 | |||||
Revitalization of activities related to the cultural heritage Y3–2 | ● | 1 | ||||||
Sum of values of the second variable (social strategy) = 7 | The percentage of total achievement of the values of the second variable (social strategy) = 71% | |||||||
Total achieved values for the second variable (social strategy) = 5 | ||||||||
Economical Z | Strengthening the local economy Z1 | Investing in urban heritage to revitalize the economy Z1–1 | 1 | |||||
Revitalization of traditional crafts Z1–2 | 1 | |||||||
Providing employment opportunities for the community in heritage tourism Z1–3 | 1 | |||||||
Raising the economic level of the region by introducing new activities or reviving old activities Z1–4 | 1 | |||||||
Providing finance Z2 | Provide the appropriate funding to manage the process of reviving the cultural heritage | Private sector Z2–1 | ● | 1 | ||||
International organizations and institutions interested in heritage Z2–2 | ● | 0 | ||||||
Encourage the private sector to invest Z2–3 | 1 | |||||||
Granting advances to the community to restore their heritage property Z2–4 | ● | 0 | ||||||
Sum of values of the third variable (economic strategy) = 8 | The percentage of the total achievement of the values of the third variable (the economic strategy) = 75% | |||||||
Total achieved values for the third variable (economic strategy) = 6 |
Strategy | The Mechanics of Achieving it | Verified | Unverified | Final Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban X | Revitalizing urban structures X1 | Revitalization of the old | Keeping the same style and model X1–1 | ● | 1 | |||
Conservation of traditional construction materials and methods X1–2 | ● | 1 | ||||||
Mixing ancient and modern | Use new styles and models X1–3 | ● | 0 | |||||
The use of contemporary building methods, methods, and materials X1–4 | ● | 0 | ||||||
symbolic revival | Maintaining urban heritage status X1–5 | ● | 0 | |||||
Functional re-balancing X2 | Keeping the same old use and function X2–1 | ● | 1 | |||||
Adaptation and reuse of heritage buildings with contemporary functionality X2–2 | ● | 0 | ||||||
Removal of uses that are not appropriate for the nature of the heritage area X2–3 | ● | 0 | ||||||
Adding new uses X2–4 | ● | 1 | ||||||
Revitalizing the Memory of the City X3 | Reconstruction of heritage monuments, symbols, and buildings X3–1 | ● | 1 | |||||
Sum of the values of the first variable (urban strategy) = 10 | Percentage of total achievement of the values of the first variable (urban strategy) = 50% | |||||||
Total achieved values for the first variable (the urban strategy) = 5 | ||||||||
Social Y | Improving the living standard of the local community Y1 | Meet the basic needs of society Y1–1 | ● | 0 | ||||
Create job opportunities Y1–2 | ● | 1 | ||||||
Maintaining the local community by organizing their return to Area Y1–3 | ● | 1 | ||||||
Empowerment of the local community Y2 | Community participation in decision-making and construction Y2–1 | ● | 1 | |||||
Maintaining Social Relations Y2–2 | ● | 0 | ||||||
Cultural upgrading of the local community Y3 | Raising the cultural awareness of the population Y3–1 | ● | 1 | |||||
Revitalization of activities related to the cultural heritage Y3–2 | ● | 1 | ||||||
Sum of values of the second variable (social strategy) = 7 | The percentage of total achievement of the values of the second variable (social strategy) = 71% | |||||||
Total achieved values for the second variable (social strategy) = 5 | ||||||||
Economical Z | Strengthening the local economy Z1 | Investing in urban heritage to revitalize the economy Z1–1 | ● | |||||
Revitalization of traditional crafts Z1–2 | ● | |||||||
Providing employment opportunities for the community in heritage tourism Z1–3 | ● | |||||||
Raising the economic level of the region by introducing new activities or reviving old activities Z1–4 | ● | |||||||
Providing finance Z2 | Provide the appropriate funding to manage the process of reviving the cultural heritage | Private sector Z2–1 | ● | |||||
International organizations and institutions interested in heritage Z2–2 | ● | |||||||
Encourage the private sector to invest Z2–3 | ● | |||||||
Granting advances to the community to restore their heritage property Z2–4 | ● | |||||||
Sum of values of the third variable (economic strategy) = 8 | The percentage of the total achievement of the values of the third variable (the economic strategy) = 50% | |||||||
Total achieved values for the third variable (economic strategy) = 4 |
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Ali, S.H.; Sherzad, M.F.; Alomairi, A.H. Managing Strategies to Revitalize Urban Cultural Heritage after Wars: The Center of the Old City of Mosul as a Case Study. Buildings 2022, 12, 1298. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091298
Ali SH, Sherzad MF, Alomairi AH. Managing Strategies to Revitalize Urban Cultural Heritage after Wars: The Center of the Old City of Mosul as a Case Study. Buildings. 2022; 12(9):1298. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091298
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli, Safaaaldeen Hussein, Mohammed Fareed Sherzad, and Ahmed Hameed Alomairi. 2022. "Managing Strategies to Revitalize Urban Cultural Heritage after Wars: The Center of the Old City of Mosul as a Case Study" Buildings 12, no. 9: 1298. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091298