Analysis of Unsteady Heat Transfer during Ice-Making Process for Ice Rink Buildings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Heat Transfer Model of the Ice Rink
2.2. Initial Conditions and Boundary Conditions
2.3. Grid Independence Verification
2.4. Model Validation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Ice Growing Process
3.2. Effect of Water Layer Thickness
3.3. Effect of Water Layer Surface Heat Flux
3.4. Effect of Cooling Pipe Parameters
3.5. Effect of Top Concrete Thickness
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Variables | |
c | Specific heat capacity [J/(kg∙°C)] |
h | Convective transfer coefficient [W/(m∙°C)] |
k | Thermal conductivity [W/(m∙K)] |
L | Latent heat (kJ/kg) |
n | Boundary normal |
q | Heat flux (W/m2) |
t | Time (s) |
T | Temperature (°C) |
Laplace operator | |
Greek | |
Volume expansion coefficient | |
Density (kg/m3) | |
Solid-liquid fraction | |
Subscripts | |
0 | critical |
c | Cooling |
i | Ice |
p | Constant pressure |
v | Internal |
w | Water |
References
- Daoud, A.; Galanis, N.; Bellache, O. Calculation of refrigeration loads by convection, radiation and condensation in ice rinks using a transient 3D zonal model. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2008, 28, 1782–1790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rogstam, J.; Karampour, M. Experimental Cooling Load Analysis of Ice Rinks, 23rd ed.; International-Institute-of-Refrigeration (IIR) International Congress of Refrigeration: Prague, Czech Republic, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, S. Research on Load of Outdoor Ice Rink Based on CFD Technology. Master’s Thesis, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Brown, J.; Pearson, S.F. Temperature distribution in ice rink floors. Aust. Refrig. Air Cond. Heat. 1983, 40, 12–17. [Google Scholar]
- Bellache, O.; Ouzzane, M.; Galanis, N. Coupled Conduction, Convection, Radiation Heat Transfer with Simultaneous Mass Transfer in Ice Rinks. Numer. Heat Transfer Part A Appl. 2005, 48, 219–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bellache, O.; Ouzzane, M.; Galanis, N. Numerical prediction of ventilation patterns and thermal processes in ice rinks. Build. Environ. 2005, 40, 417–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mun, J.; Krarti, M. Experimental Analysis of Heat Transfer From Ice Rink Floors. In Proceedings of the Asme International Solar Energy Conference, Denver, Colorado, 8–13 July 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Somrani, R.; Mun, J.; Krarti, M. Heat transfer beneath ice-rink floors. Build. Environ. 2008, 43, 1687–1698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mun, J. Analysis of Heat Transfer through Ice Rink Floors. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Coman, G.; Uzuneanu, K.; Dragan, M.; Damian, V. The Temperature Distribution in an Ice Rink Pad. Termotehnica J. 2013, 2, 144–147. [Google Scholar]
- Zhou, W.; Gan, Z.; Han, L. Simulation of the Optimal Refrigerated Floor Design for Ice Rinks. Energies 2021, 14, 1535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Z.; Wang, S.; Yang, M.; Gong, K.; Chen, Y. Parametric Evaluation of Cooling Pipe in Direct Evaporation Artificial Ice Rink. Energies 2022, 15, 7989. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seghouani, L.; Daoud, A.; Galanis, N. Prediction of yearly energy requirements of indoor ice rinks. Energy Build. 2008, 41, 500–511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, L.; Lin, W.; Zhang, T.; Liu, X. On-site measurement of thermal environment and heat transfer analysis in a curling arena. J. Build. Eng. 2020, 34, 101691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, L.; Liu, X.; Zhang, T. Investigation of heat and mass transfer characteristics in the ice rink: Ice making, maintaining and resurfacing processes. Build. Environ. 2021, 196, 107779. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, L.; Liu, X.; Zhang, T. Experimental investigation of frosting process on ice surface in ice rink. Energy Build. 2022, 255, 111671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, W.; Liu, X.; Li, S.; Zhang, T. Investigation on thermal environment and heat transfer characteristics in ice rinks with different envelopes. Build. Environ. 2022, 219, 109250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, Y. Practical Heating and Air Conditioning Design Manual; China Construction Industry Press: Beijing, China, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Berno, G.M.; Loyola, F.R.; Hermes, C.J. Comparison between moving-boundary and distributed models for predicting the time evolution of the solidification front in ice trays. Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 2020, 118, 104711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mun, J.; Krarti, M. Optimal insulation for ice rink floors. Energy Build. 2015, 108, 358–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Saadi, S.N.; Zhai, Z. Modeling phase change materials embedded in building enclosure: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013, 21, 659–673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Voller, V.R. An overview of numerical methods for solving phase change problems. Taylor Fr. 1997, 1, 341–380. [Google Scholar]
- Faghri, A.; Zhang, Y. Transport Phenomena in Multiphase Systems; Elsevier Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 2006; pp. 107–176. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, B. Application Research on Refrigeration Systems of Ice Rinks With CO2 as Refrigerant. Master’s Thesis, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, X. Study on Heat Transfer and Refrigeration System of Ice Rink Using CO2 as Coolant. Master’s Thesis, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Yuan, B. Research and Application of Artificial Ice Failure Criteria in Ice Rink; Harbin Institute of Technology: Harbin, China, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Haghighi, E.B.; Makhnatch, P.; Rogstam, J. Energy Saving Potential with Improved Concrete in Ice Rink Floor Designs. Int. J. Civ. Environ. Struct. Constr. Archit. Eng. 2014, 8, 635–640. [Google Scholar]
Layer | Thickness (mm) | Density (kg/m3) | Specific Heat [J/(kg∙°C)] | Thermal Conductivity [W/(m∙K)] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Water | 5 | 1000 | 4200 | 0.60 |
Ice | 30 | 917 | 2090 | 2.21 |
Concrete | 170 | 2500 | 840 | 1.63 |
Insulation | 100 | 40 | 2100 | 0.034 |
Antifreeze | 500 | 2650 | 1050 | 0.38 |
Soil | 50 | 2000 | 1530 | 1.08 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wang, S.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, P.; Yang, M.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, H. Analysis of Unsteady Heat Transfer during Ice-Making Process for Ice Rink Buildings. Buildings 2023, 13, 291. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020291
Wang S, Wu Y, Zhang P, Yang M, Zhang Z, Wang H. Analysis of Unsteady Heat Transfer during Ice-Making Process for Ice Rink Buildings. Buildings. 2023; 13(2):291. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020291
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Shiqi, Yumeng Wu, Paiwei Zhang, Meiyuan Yang, Zhenying Zhang, and Hongli Wang. 2023. "Analysis of Unsteady Heat Transfer during Ice-Making Process for Ice Rink Buildings" Buildings 13, no. 2: 291. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020291