Heuristic Approach for Net-Zero Energy Residential Buildings in Arid Region Using Dual Renewable Energy Sources
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Net-Zero Energy Concept
1.2. Dual Renewable Energy System Integration
2. Research Methodology
- The first active renewable energy system focuses on energy saving by replacing the existing package cooling system built in phase one of the case study by applying a geothermal heat pump (GHP) as a complete cooling system in the new phase two of the case study by using HAP software to study the technical influences in an air system sizing summary from the as-built HVAC package system; the design of zone sizing for a ground heat pump; and the use of specialist companies in this field to support the technical comparison with accurate and applicable data. Appendix A illustrates design with HAP software for the zone sizing summary of a ground heat pump. Appendix B illustrates the ground heat pump’s specifications, figure, and price. Appendix C illustrates the water pump’s specifications, figure, and price. The temperature remains constant throughout the year, below 30 ft (9.14 m) at 82 F (27.77 °C), as illustrated in Appendix D for the nearest area for ground temperatures in Riadh city. The data and information are extracted from reliable references, the supplier, and specialist designer that include available price and technical data such as zone sizing data, terminal unit sizing data—cooling, terminal unit sizing data—heating, fan, ventilation, space loads, and airflows. The terminal unit sizing data for cooling analysis include the total coil load (kW) with 75.8, sens coil load (kW) with 59.3, coil entering DB/WB (°C) with 26.3/19.5, water flow 8.0 °K (L/s), and time of peak load with Aug. 1500.
- The second active renewable energy system focuses on applying an analysis to PV/T technologies on the rooftop in the case study to achieve significant results in NZE residential buildings. The capacity of applying PV/T technologies is calculated based on the entire demand of the energy needed for the villa area in the new phase two of the case study, which includes the proposed ground heat pump (GHP) for cooling, power, lighting, and others. The analysis illustrates the technical data designed with PVsyst V7.1.0 software and the distribution of solar modules in this area, the project system, and the results in summary, as well as an array of the PVT modules on the roof. The roof area is about 250 m2, including 81 modules (panels) with 460 W, 30 kWp, and 188 kW/day for 6 h of operation, 68,703 kW/year, a 6-year payback, 743 gCO₂/kWh, SAR 144,000 system cost, and 22,700 SAR/year saving according to a local tariff (0.33 SR). Appendix E illustrates the project summary, output power distribution, cumulative cash flow, and CO2 emission from PVsyst V7.1.0 software for 182 m2 PVT on the roof area.
- The study applied energy comparison analysis in the case study between the existing system and the proposed dual renewable system focusing on NZE residential buildings’ technical and economic feasibility in arid areas, energy saving, sustainability, cost impacts, and other technical influences using HAP software, PVsyst V7.1.0 software, and other software based on the manufacturers’ technology, which automatically export technical data sheet calculations, including occupied area (M2), input power (kW), energy reduction (%), airflow (M3/h), cost (USD), noise (dB), and CO2 (gCO₂/kWh). Figure 3 illustrates the flowchart of the study method.
The Case Study
- The building consists of 1 reception, 2 living rooms, 5 bedrooms, 6 bathrooms, 2 kitchens, 1 dining room, 1 laundry room, 2 main entrances, 1 room with a 10 m2 skylight, and a roof area. Figure 4 illustrates the location of King Faisal University and the residential area, and Figure 5 illustrates the ground and first-floor plans.
- The external walls area is 984 m2, which consists of double-wall layers; one wall has a precast 12 cm thickness with an area of 938 m2, and the second wall is of bricks of a 12 cm thickness with an area of 536 m2. Between both the walls is a polystyrene insulation layer with a 12 cm thickness with area of 536 m2. The R-value is 0.8 (W/m2⋅K).
- The glazing area is 46 m2 and forms around 5% of the external walls.
- The cooling/heating system is 1 package unit with a 75.8/19.5 kW cooling/heating capacity. Appendix F illustrates the schedule of packaged AC (air conditioning) units, and Appendix G illustrates the packaged AC unit cooling load calculations.
- The total required energy power load is 88.66 kWh: air conditioning makes up 39.50 kWh, lighting 12.55 kWh, power 4.68 kWh, and equipment 31.93 kWh (water heaters, laundry, exhaust fans, and kitchen equipment).
- The glazing U-value is 1.7 (W/m2⋅K)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Applying Geothermal Heat Pump System as Renewable Energy
- The GHP had an area of only 6 m2, which is less than the package system, which has a 10 m2 area.
- The GHP had an input power of 20.8 kW, which is less than the package system’s power of 39.5 kW.
- The cost of the GHP system was USD 18,613, which is more than the HVAC package system costing USD 9735 (according to an accurate manufacturer’s quotation), but the payback is 11.8 years for the GHP.
- The GHP achieves an energy saving of 47.34% compared to using the HVAC package system.
- The GHPs CO2 emission reduction was 5.0 kg, and its noise reduction was 30 dB, which is less than the airflow 362 (M3/h) and more than the HVAC package system.
3.2. Applying Renewable System PVT
3.3. Applying the Dual Renewable Energy GHP/PVT
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
Appendix F
Model No. | WF757SA | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cooling capacity | kW | 75.8 | ||
Heat water coil heating capacity | kW | 19.5 | ||
Unit input power | kW | 39.5 | ||
Power supply | 3P 308V 50 Hz | |||
Compressor | type | Hermetically sealed scroll compressor | ||
qty | 2 | |||
Refrigerant | type | R410A | ||
Refrigerant type | Kg | 2 × 10.5 | ||
Consideration side | ||||
Condenser | type | Cu tube Al fin | ||
Axial flow fan | qty | 1 | ||
Drive type | Direct type | |||
Fan motor power | kW | 2 × 1.5 | ||
Air flow | M2/h | 34,000 | ||
Evaporation side | ||||
Evaporator | Type | Cu tube Al fin | ||
Centrifugal fan | Qty | 1 | ||
Drive type | 5.5 | |||
Fan motor power | kW | 16,000 | ||
Air flow | M2/h | 300 | ||
Margin blast pressure | Pa | |||
Overall dimension | L | mm | 2878 | |
W | Mm | 2140 | ||
H | mm | 1964 | ||
Noise | dB(A) | 76 | ||
Unit weight | kg | 1050 |
Appendix G
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Ismaeil, E.M.H.; Sobaih, A.E.E. Heuristic Approach for Net-Zero Energy Residential Buildings in Arid Region Using Dual Renewable Energy Sources. Buildings 2023, 13, 796. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030796
Ismaeil EMH, Sobaih AEE. Heuristic Approach for Net-Zero Energy Residential Buildings in Arid Region Using Dual Renewable Energy Sources. Buildings. 2023; 13(3):796. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030796
Chicago/Turabian StyleIsmaeil, Esam M. H., and Abu Elnasr E. Sobaih. 2023. "Heuristic Approach for Net-Zero Energy Residential Buildings in Arid Region Using Dual Renewable Energy Sources" Buildings 13, no. 3: 796. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030796