Cooling Energy and Climate Change Nexus in Arid Climate and the Role of Energy Transition
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Climate Change Impact on Cooling Requirement
1.2. Environmental Impacts and Energy Transition
2. Objective and Methods
2.1. Energy Simulation
2.1.1. Baseline Weather Data
2.1.2. Future Weather Data
2.2. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
3. Results
3.1. Climate Change Impact on Building Cooling Demand
3.2. Environmental Impact Assessment
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Study Region | ASHRAE Climate Zone | Method | Major Conclusion | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Climate Model | Building Type | Energy Simulator | ||||
[50] | Europe | 6A 5A 4A 4B 3A | Hourly weather files for future climate conditions. Morphing for downscaling. | (Nearly Zero Energy Building) NZEB residential building | BEopt | 99–380% increase in cooling energy for the period 2018–2060 |
[51] | Australia | 0A 2A 3A 4A | HadCM3. Morphing for downscaling. | Office building | EnergyPlus | 18–56% increase in cooling energy for the period 2021–2080 |
[52] | Denmark | 5A | HadCM3 GCM. Morphing for downscaling. | Office building | EnergyPlus | >200% increase in cooling energy or the period 2013–2080 |
[21] | Canada | 5A | HRM3 and HadCM3. Dynamical and stochastic downscaling | Residential, Office, Healthcare, School, Commercial buildings | OpenStudio | 15–126% increase in cooling energy for the period 2014–2070 |
[53] | Australia | 3B | Physical climate change model. Stochastic downscaling | Residential buildings | TRNSYS | 29–31% increase in cooling energy for the period 2018–2045 |
[11] | USA | 1–7 | 14 different models. Morphing for downscaling. | Office building | EnergyPlus | 5–52% increase in cooling energy for the period 2011–2099 |
[54] | Argentina | 3A 3B 2A 3A | MM5 regional climate model | Residential buildings | EnergyPlus | 360–790% increase in cooling energy for the period 1990–2080 |
[55] | Southern Europe | 3A 3B 4A | 24 GCM models. Morphing for downscaling. | Office building | TRNSYS | 49–375% increase in cooling energy for the period 2017–2090 |
[19] | USA | 4A 5A 1B 4A 5A | HadCM3. Morphing for downscaling. | Residential buildings | EnergyPlus | 24.2–36.4% increase in cooling energy for the period 1975–2050 |
[56] | Taiwan | 1A | MIRCO3.2-MED (Japan). Morphing for downscaling. | Residential buildings | EnergyPlus | 82% increase in cooling energy for the period 2015–2080 |
[57] | California | 3A 3B 3C | HadCM3 and Parallel Climate Model (PCM). Statistically downscaling | Office building | EnergyPlus | 70% increase in cooling energy for the period 2011–2100 |
[58] | Greece | 3A 3B | 12 Regional Climate Models for weather projection. Morphing for downscaling. | Three types of buildings include residential, office and educational buildings | TRNSYS | 248% increase in cooling energy for the period 2010–2100 |
[59] | China | 7 2A 3A 4A 3C | MIROC3.2-H for weather projection. | Office in five cities | VisualDOE | 11–20% increase in cooling energy for the period 2009–2100 |
[60] | Hong Kong | 2A | MIRCO3.2-MED (Japan). Morphing for downscaling. | Apartment and office building | EnergyPlus | 2.6–24% increase in cooling energy for the period 2011–2099 |
[61] | Germany | 5A | Assume 1–3 °C temperature increase. Degree day method | Residential building | - | 28–59% increase in cooling energy for the period 1990–2060 |
[62] | Australia | 2B 0A 3A 4A | 9 GCM models. Morphing for downscaling. | Residential buildings in five regions | AccuRate | Total energy change −48% to 350% by 2100 |
[37] | UAE | 0B | Assumed 1.6 to 5.9 °C temperature increase. | Residential building | VisualDOE | 23.5% increase in cooling energy for the period 2005–2100 |
Building Types | Number of Floors | Gross Floor Area (m2) | Number of Zones | Window-To-Wall Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|
High-rise apartment | 10 | 7836 | 80 | 30% |
Mid-rise apartment | 4 | 3135 | 32 | 20% |
Hospital | 5 | 22,436 | 162 | 12% |
Large Hotel | 6 | 11,345 | 195 | 30% |
Small Hotel | 4 | 4014 | 54 | 12% |
Large Office | 12 | 46,320 | 74 | 40% |
Medium Office | 3 | 4982 | 18 | 33% |
Small Office | 1 | 511 | 6 | 21% |
Building Types | U-Factor (W/(m2 K)) | Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Roof | External Wall | Glazing-Window | Glazing-Window | |
High-rise apartment | 0.182 | 0.704 | 2.786 | 0.22 |
Mid-rise apartment | 0.182 | 0.704 | 2.786 | 0.22 |
Hospital | 0.221 | 0.211 | 2.843 | 0.22 |
Large Hotel | 0.221 | 0.211 | 2.843 | 0.22 |
Small Hotel | 0.221 | 0.704 | 2.843 | 0.22 |
Large Office | 0.221 | 0.211 | 2.843 | 0.22 |
Medium Office | 0.221 | 0.704 | 2.843 | 0.22 |
Small Office | 2.858 | 0.505 | 2.843 | 0.22 |
Parameter | Requirement |
---|---|
PV technology | Crystalline silicon technology |
Life time | 25 years |
Array rated power (Capacity) | ≥240 W |
Module efficiency | ≥15% |
Building Type | TMY | RCP4.5-2071 | RCP4.5-2100 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cooling Demand [kWh] | Cooling Demand [kWh] | Change % | Cooling Demand [kWh] | Change % | |
High-Rise Apartment | 369,712 | 468,052 | 27% | 519,972 | 41% |
Mid-Rise Apartment | 119,177 | 139,339 | 17% | 152,183 | 28% |
Hospital | 1,043,005 | 1,181,436 | 13% | 1,238,433 | 19% |
Large Hotel | 877,715 | 1,115,203 | 27% | 1,198,158 | 37% |
Small Hotel | 259,475 | 317,414 | 22% | 340,433 | 31% |
Large Office | 1,948,448 | 2,547,000 | 31% | 2,723,339 | 40% |
Medium Office | 236,335 | 361,093 | 53% | 394,583 | 67% |
Small Office | 18,907 | 25,973 | 37% | 27,764 | 47% |
Impact Category | Unit | TMY | 2071 | 2100 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural Gas | Natural Gas | Solar Power | Natural Gas | Solar Power | ||
Climate Change | kg CO2 eq | 73,771 | 86,251 | 6702 | 94,201.28 | 7320.00 |
Fossil depletion | kg oil eq | 30,271 | 35,392 | 1951 | 38,654.48 | 2130.56 |
Human toxicity | kg 1,4-DB eq | 96 | 112 | 2299 | 122.20 | 2511.02 |
Metal Depletion | kg Fe eq | 14 | 16 | 3163 | 17.50 | 3454.55 |
Water depletion | m3 | 31 | 36 | 102 | 39.26 | 111.40 |
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Khourchid, A.M.; Al-Ansari, T.A.; Al-Ghamdi, S.G. Cooling Energy and Climate Change Nexus in Arid Climate and the Role of Energy Transition. Buildings 2023, 13, 836. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13040836
Khourchid AM, Al-Ansari TA, Al-Ghamdi SG. Cooling Energy and Climate Change Nexus in Arid Climate and the Role of Energy Transition. Buildings. 2023; 13(4):836. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13040836
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhourchid, Ammar M., Tareq A. Al-Ansari, and Sami G. Al-Ghamdi. 2023. "Cooling Energy and Climate Change Nexus in Arid Climate and the Role of Energy Transition" Buildings 13, no. 4: 836. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13040836