Analysis of Hydration Mechanism of Steel Slag-Based Cementitious Materials under Saline–Alkaline-Coupled Excitation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Test Methods
2.2.1. Sample Mixing Ratios
2.2.2. Carbonation Conservation
2.2.3. Strength Testing
2.2.4. Exothermic Hydration Test
2.2.5. XRD Analysis
2.2.6. SEM Analysis
2.2.7. Determination of the pH of the Pore Solution
3. Strength Development and Carbonation Effect of Steel Slag-Based Cementitious Materials
3.1. Strength Development
3.2. Carbonization Conservation Effect
4. Hydration Process of Steel Slag-Based Cementitious Materials
4.1. Heat of Hydration
4.2. Pore Solution Analysis
5. Hydration Products of Steel Slag-Based Cementitious Materials
5.1. XRD Analysis
5.2. SEM Analysis
6. Hydration Mechanism Analysis
7. Conclusions
- (1)
- Under the condition of saline–alkaline-coupled excitation, the ratio of slag, steel slag, and desulfurization gypsum was 53:40:7, and the late mechanical properties of the cementitious material decreased the least (only 5.67%, and the 28 d compressive strength was 40.44 MPa). This indicates that a steel slag dosing of 40% can produce the best hydration synergy with the slag, offsetting some of the effects of the steel slag in the RO phase and the low-activity γ-C2S on the mechanical properties of the cementitious materials;
- (2)
- When the steel slag-based cementitious materials were standardized to 28 d and then placed at a carbonization temperature of 70 °C, a CO2 pressure 0.7 MPa, and a carbonization time of 30 min, the carbonization effect was the most appropriate, with a strength of up to 51.22 MPa;
- (3)
- The addition of desulfurization gypsum enables the system to generate AFt to provide sites for the subsequent generation of C-S-H gels with calcite, while the addition of low-activity magnesium oxide can generate a hydrotalcite-like phase. The latter can play a role in accelerating the transformation of the steel carbonate phase;
- (4)
- For the initial hydration mechanism of the gelling system, first, the hydrolysis of the chemical exciters provides an alkaline environment and associated ions for the gelling system, which promotes the generation of the AFt and hydrotalcite phases. Subsequently, AFt provides a site for the generation of C-S-H gels and calcite, while the hydrotalcite phase accelerates the transformation of the carbonate phase in the gelling system, promoting a synergistic effect on the hydration of the steel slag and slag. Eventually, under the synergistic effect of steel slag and slag hydration, a large number of C-S-H gels, calcites, and various other hydration products are generated in the gelling system, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the gelling materials.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | FeO | P2O5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement | 62–68 | 20–24 | 4–7 | 2.5–6.5 | 1–2 | — | trace |
Steel slag | 30–55 | 8–20 | 1–6 | 3–9 | 3–13 | 7–20 | 1–4 |
Material Science | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | CaO | SO3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Steel slag | 16.75 | 3.87 | 20.12 | 7.35 | 41.74 | |
Slag | 34.5 | 17.7 | 1.03 | 6.01 | 34 | 1.64 |
Magnesium oxide | 7.09 | 0.38 | 0.28 | 85.09 | 2.35 | |
Desulfurization gypsum | 4.3 | 3.1 | 31.97 | 0.18 | 0.33 | 51.84 |
Number | Steel Slag | Slag | Gypsum | CaCO3 | Mgo | Water Reducer | Water-to-Gel Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G0 | 0 | 93% | 7% | 2% | 7% | 0.30% | 0.32 |
G20 | 20% | 73% | 7% | 2% | 7% | 0.30% | 0.32 |
G40 | 40% | 53% | 7% | 2% | 7% | 0.30% | 0.32 |
G60 | 60% | 33% | 7% | 2% | 7% | 0.30% | 0.32 |
G80 | 80% | 13% | 7% | 2% | 7% | 0.30% | 0.32 |
Number | Temp (°C) | CO2 Pressure (MPa) | Time (min) |
---|---|---|---|
T-30 | 30 | 0.5 | 30 |
T-50 | 50 | 0.5 | 30 |
T-70 | 70 | 0.5 | 30 |
T-90 | 90 | 0.5 | 30 |
P-0.1 | 70 | 0.3 | 30 |
P-0.5 | 70 | 0.5 | 30 |
P-0.7 | 70 | 0.7 | 30 |
P-1.0 | 70 | 1 | 30 |
t-30 | 70 | 0.7 | 30 |
t-60 | 70 | 0.7 | 60 |
t-120 | 70 | 0.7 | 120 |
t-240 | 70 | 0.7 | 240 |
Steel Slag Content | Flexural Strength (Mpa) | Compressive Strength (Mpa) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
3 d | 28 d | 3 d | 28 d | |
0 | 7.31 | 11.23 | 24.72 | 47.47 |
20% | 7.69 | 10.68 | 20.22 | 42.77 |
40% | 6.08 | 10.03 | 19.28 | 40.44 |
60% | 5.52 | 7.25 | 13.21 | 21.22 |
80% | 1.99 | 6.11 | 8.62 | 11.22 |
Number | Temperature (°C) | CO2 Pressure (MPa) | Time (min) | Compressive Strength (MPa) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 d | 28 d | ||||
T-30 | 30 | 0.5 | 30 | 22.64 | 41.22 |
T-50 | 50 | 0.5 | 30 | 24.21 | 43.52 |
T-70 | 70 | 0.5 | 30 | 29.32 | 47.25 |
T-90 | 90 | 0.5 | 30 | 27.04 | 44.21 |
P-0.1 | 70 | 0.3 | 30 | 27.63 | 43.21 |
P-0.5 | 70 | 0.5 | 30 | 29.32 | 47.25 |
P-0.7 | 70 | 0.7 | 30 | 37.63 | 49.24 |
P-1.0 | 70 | 1 | 30 | 33.27 | 46.31 |
t-30 | 70 | 0.7 | 30 | 37.63 | 49.24 |
t-60 | 70 | 0.7 | 60 | 40.22 | 51.22 |
t-120 | 70 | 0.7 | 120 | 41.21 | 52.05 |
t-240 | 70 | 0.7 | 240 | 40.68 | 52.58 |
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Liu, J.; Liu, B.; Ge, X.; Tian, Y.; Song, G.; Liu, K.; Wang, Y. Analysis of Hydration Mechanism of Steel Slag-Based Cementitious Materials under Saline–Alkaline-Coupled Excitation. Buildings 2024, 14, 597. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030597
Liu J, Liu B, Ge X, Tian Y, Song G, Liu K, Wang Y. Analysis of Hydration Mechanism of Steel Slag-Based Cementitious Materials under Saline–Alkaline-Coupled Excitation. Buildings. 2024; 14(3):597. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030597
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Jianping, Bing Liu, Xiaowei Ge, Yulin Tian, Ge Song, Kaixin Liu, and Yilin Wang. 2024. "Analysis of Hydration Mechanism of Steel Slag-Based Cementitious Materials under Saline–Alkaline-Coupled Excitation" Buildings 14, no. 3: 597. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030597