Spatial Effectiveness in High-Rise Timber Towers: A Global Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Architectural Design Parameters
3.2. Structural Design Parameters
3.3. Space Efficiency
3.4. Relation of Space Efficiency and Main Design Considerations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. High-Rise Timber Buildings around the World
# | Building Name | Country | City | Height (meters) | # of Stories | Completion Date |
1 | Metropolitan Park Building 7/8 | United States | Arlington | 99 | 23 | 2023 |
2 | Ascent | United States | Milwaukee | 87 | 25 | 2022 |
3 | Mjøstårnet | Norway | Brumunddal | 85 | 18 | 2019 |
4 | HoHo Wien | Austria | Vienna | 84 | 23 | 2020 |
5 | TRAE | Denmark | Aarhus | 82 | 20 | Under construction |
6 | HAUT | Netherlands | Amsterdam | 73 | 22 | 2022 |
7 | Sara Kulturhus | Sweden | Skellefteå | 73 | 20 | 2021 |
8 | De Karel Doorman | Netherlands | Rotterdam | 71 | 22 | 2012 |
9 | Roots Tower | Germany | Hamburg | 65 | 19 | Under construction |
10 | Abro | Switzerland | Risch-Rotkreuz | 60 | 15 | 2019 |
11 | Brock Commons Tallwood House | Canada | Vancouver | 58 | 18 | 2017 |
12 | Sub Station No. 164 | Australia | Sydney | 57 | 14 | 2021 |
13 | Hyperion | France | Bordeaux | 55 | 16 | 2021 |
14 | Rundeskogen Hus B | Norway | Sandnes | 55 | 16 | 2013 |
15 | Ngytan Koriayo | Australia | Greater Geelong | 52 | 12 | Under construction |
16 | 503 on Tenth | United States | Portland | 50 | 10 | 2023 |
17 | Treet | Norway | Bergen | 49 | 14 | 2015 |
18 | Lighthouse Joensuu | Finland | Joensuu | 48 | 14 | 2019 |
19 | 25 King | Australia | Brisbane | 47 | 10 | 2018 |
20 | 2150 Keith Drive | Canada | Vancouver | 45 | 10 | Under construction |
21 | Cederhusen | Sweden | Stockholm | 44 | 13 | Under construction |
22 | Hoas Tuuliniitty | Finland | Espoo | 44 | 13 | 2021 |
23 | Obayashi Training Facility | Japan | Yokohama | 44 | 11 | 2022 |
24 | Palazzo Nice Meridia | France | Nice | 44 | 10 | 2019 |
25 | T3 Bayside | Canada | Toronto | 42 | 10 | 2023 |
26 | Tallwood 1 at District 56 | Canada | Victoria | 42 | 12 | Under construction |
27 | Origine | Canada | Quebec | 41 | 13 | 2017 |
28 | Spor X | Norway | Drammen | 41 | 10 | 2021 |
29 | INTRO Residential Tower | United States | Cleveland | 40 | 9 | 2022 |
30 | T3 Sterling Road Building 5A | Canada | Toronto | 40 | 8 | Under construction |
31 | 77 Wade | Canada | Toronto | 38 | 8 | 2020 |
32 | Fyrtornet | Sweden | Malmö | 38 | 11 | Under construction |
33 | Rundeskogen Hus C | Norway | Sandnes | 38 | 11 | 2013 |
34 | Sensations | France | Strasbourg | 38 | 11 | 2019 |
35 | Monterey | Australia | Brisbane | 37 | 12 | 2021 |
36 | Aveo Bella Vista | Australia | Sydney | 36 | 11 | 2018 |
37 | Suurstoffi 22 | Switzerland | Risch-Rotkreuz | 36 | 10 | 2018 |
38 | Trafalgar Place | UK | London | 36 | 10 | 2015 |
39 | Apex Plaza | United States | Charlottesville | 35 | 8 | 2022 |
40 | Green Office ENJOY | France | Paris | 35 | 8 | 2018 |
41 | Opalia | France | Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine | 35 | 8 | 2017 |
42 | Pont de Flandres Batiment 007 | France | Paris | 35 | 8 | 2019 |
43 | Wood and Innovation Design Centre | Canada | Prince George | 35 | 8 | 2014 |
44 | Dalston Works | UK | London | 34 | 10 | 2017 |
45 | Hotel Jakarta | Netherlands | Amsterdam | 34 | 9 | 2018 |
46 | Kringsja Studentby | Norway | Oslo | 34 | 10 | 2018 |
47 | Rundeskogen Hus A | Norway | Sandnes | 34 | 10 | 2012 |
48 | SKAIO | Germany | Heilbronn | 34 | 10 | 2019 |
49 | The Cube Building | UK | London | 33 | 10 | 2015 |
50 | Forte | Australia | Melbourne | 32 | 10 | 2012 |
51 | Botanikern | Sweden | Uppsala | 31 | 9 | 2019 |
52 | Cenni di Cambiamento | Italy | Milan | 31 | 9 | 2013 |
53 | Kajstaden | Sweden | Vasteras | 31 | 9 | 2019 |
54 | Press House | UK | London | 31 | 9 | 2017 |
55 | Vallen | Sweden | Vaxjo | 31 | 9 | 2015 |
56 | Timber Pioneer | Germany | Frankfurt am Main | 30 | 8 | Under construction |
57 | Carbon12 | United States | Portland | 29 | 8 | 2018 |
58 | EDGE Suedkreuz | Germany | Berlin | 29 | 8 | 2022 |
59 | Stadthaus | UK | London | 29 | 9 | 2009 |
60 | Moholt 50/50 | Norway | Trondheim | 28 | 9 | 2016 |
61 | Arbora Condominium | Canada | Montreal | 27 | 8 | 2019 |
62 | Bridport House | UK | London | 27 | 8 | 2010 |
63 | DAS Kelo | Finland | Rovaniemi | 27 | 8 | 2019 |
64 | Docenten | Sweden | Vaxjo | 27 | 8 | 2018 |
65 | Dramsvegen | Norway | Tromso | 27 | 8 | 2017 |
66 | Frostaliden | Sweden | Skövde | 27 | 8 | 2018 |
67 | Highpoint Terrace | UK | London | 27 | 8 | 2017 |
68 | Jo & Joe | France | Gentilly | 27 | 8 | 2019 |
69 | LCT One | Australia | Dunrobin | 27 | 8 | 2012 |
70 | Limnologen | Sweden | Vaxjo | 27 | 8 | 2014 |
71 | Lucien Cornil Student Residence | France | Marseille | 27 | 8 | 2017 |
72 | Maskinparken TRE | Norway | Trondheim | 27 | 8 | 2018 |
73 | Pentagon I | Norway | As | 27 | 8 | 2013 |
74 | Puukuokka Housing Block | Finland | Jyvaskyla | 27 | 8 | 2018 |
75 | Residences J.Ferry | France | Saint-Dié-des Vosges | 27 | 8 | 2014 |
76 | Strandparken | Sweden | Stockholm | 27 | 8 | 2014 |
77 | The Gardens Macarthur | Australia | Sydney | 27 | 8 | 2018 |
78 | Trummens Strand | Sweden | Vaxjo | 27 | 8 | 2019 |
79 | Wood City Residential Buildings | Finland | Helsinki | 27 | 8 | 2018 |
Appendix B. High-Rise Timber Buildings by Building Form, Core Type, Structural System, and Structural Material
# | Building Name | Form | Function | Core Type | Structural System | Structural Material |
1 | Metropolitan Park Building 7/8 | Prismatic | Office | Central | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C+S) |
2 | Ascent | Prismatic | Residential | Central | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C) |
3 | Mjøstårnet | Prismatic | Mixed-use | Peripheral | Trussed-tube | Timber |
4 | HoHo Wien | Prismatic | Mixed-use | Central | Shear walled frame | Composite(T+C) |
5 | TRAE | Prismatic | Office | Central | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C) |
6 | HAUT | Free | Residential | Peripheral | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C) |
7 | Sara Kulturhus | Prismatic | Hotel | Peripheral | Shear wall | Composite(T+S) |
8 | De Karel Doorman | Prismatic | Residential | Peripheral | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C+S) |
9 | Roots Tower | Prismatic | Residential | Central | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C) |
10 | Abro | Prismatic | Office | Central | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C) |
11 | Brock Commons Tallwood House | Prismatic | Residential | Peripheral | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C) |
12 | Sub Station No. 164 | Free | Office | Peripheral | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C+S) |
13 | Hyperion | Free | Residential | Central | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C+S) |
14 | Rundeskogen Hus B | Free | Residential | Central | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C) |
15 | Ngytan Koriayo | Prismatic | Office | External | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C) |
16 | 503 on Tenth | Prismatic | Office | Central | Shear walled frame | Timber |
17 | Treet | Prismatic | Residential | Peripheral | Trussed-tube | Timber |
18 | Lighthouse Joensuu | Prismatic | Residential | Central | Shear wall | Timber |
19 | 25 King | Prismatic | Office | External | Shear trussed frame | Timber |
20 | 2150 Keith Drive | Free | Office | Peripheral | Framed-tube | Composite (T+C) |
21 | Cederhusen | Prismatic | Residential | Central | Shear wall | Timber |
22 | Hoas Tuuliniitty | Prismatic | Residential | Peripheral | Shear wall | Timber |
23 | Obayashi Training Facility | Prismatic | Office | Peripheral | Shear walled frame | Timber |
24 | Palazzo Nice Meridia | Prismatic | Office | Peripheral | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C) |
25 | T3 Bayside | Prismatic | Office | Central | Shear walled frame | Timber |
26 | Tallwood 1 at District 56 | Prismatic | Residential | Central | Shear trussed frame | Composite (T+S) |
27 | Origine | Free | Residential | Central | Shear wall | Timber |
28 | Spor X | Prismatic | Office | Central | Shear walled frame | Timber |
29 | INTRO Residential Tower | Prismatic | Residential | Peripheral | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C) |
30 | T3 Sterling Road Building 5A | Prismatic | Office | Central | Shear walled frame | Timber |
31 | 77 Wade | Prismatic | Office | Central | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C+S) |
32 | Fyrtornet | Tapered | Mixed-use | Central | Trussed-tube | Timber |
33 | Rundeskogen Hus C | Free | Residential | Central | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C) |
34 | Sensations | Free | Residential | Central | Shear walled frame | Timber |
35 | Monterey | Free | Residential | Peripheral | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C+S) |
36 | Aveo Bella Vista | Free | Residential | Central | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C) |
37 | Suurstoffi 22 | Prismatic | Office | Central | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C) |
38 | Trafalgar Place | Prismatic | Residential | Peripheral | Shear wall | Timber |
39 | Apex Plaza | Prismatic | Office | Central | Shear trussed frame | Composite (T+C) |
40 | Green Office ENJOY | Prismatic | Office | Central | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C) |
41 | Opalia | Prismatic | Office | Peripheral | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C+S) |
42 | Pont de Flandres Batiment 007 | Free | Office | Central | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C+S) |
43 | Wood and Innovation Design Centre | Prismatic | Office | Central | Shear walled frame | Timber |
44 | Dalston Works | Prismatic | Residential | Central | Shear wall | Timber |
45 | Hotel Jakarta | Prismatic | Hotel | Central | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C) |
46 | Kringsja Studentby | Prismatic | Residential | Central | Shear walled frame | Timber |
47 | Rundeskogen Hus A | Free | Residential | Central | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C) |
48 | SKAIO | Prismatic | Residential | Central | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C) |
49 | The Cube Building | Free | Residential | Central | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C+S) |
50 | Forte | Prismatic | Residential | Central | Shear wall | Timber |
51 | Botanikern | Prismatic | Residential | Peripheral | Shear trussed frame | Timber |
52 | Cenni di Cambiamento | Free | Residential | Central | Shear wall | Timber |
53 | Kajstaden | Prismatic | Residential | Peripheral | Shear wall | Timber |
54 | Press House | Prismatic | Residential | Central | Shear walled frame | Timber |
55 | Vallen | Prismatic | Residential | Central | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C) |
56 | Timber Pioneer | Prismatic | Office | Peripheral | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C) |
57 | Carbon12 | Prismatic | Residential | Central | Shear trussed frame | Composite (T+S) |
58 | EDGE Suedkreuz | Prismatic | Office | Central | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C) |
59 | Stadthaus | Prismatic | Residential | Central | Shear wall | Timber |
60 | Moholt 50/50 | Prismatic | Residential | Central | Shear wall | Timber |
61 | Arbora Condominium | Prismatic | Residential | Peripheral | Shear walled frame | Timber |
62 | Bridport House | Prismatic | Residential | Peripheral | Shear wall | Timber |
63 | DAS Kelo | Prismatic | Residential | Peripheral | Shear walled frame | Timber |
64 | Docenten | Prismatic | Residential | Peripheral | Shear wall | Composite (T+C) |
65 | Dramsvegen | Prismatic | Residential | Peripheral | Shear wall | Composite (T+C) |
66 | Frostaliden | Prismatic | Residential | Central | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C) |
67 | Highpoint Terrace | Prismatic | Residential | Peripheral | Shear wall | Timber |
68 | Jo & Joe | Prismatic | Residential | Peripheral | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C) |
69 | LCT One | Prismatic | Office | Central | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C) |
70 | Limnologen | Prismatic | Residential | Central | Shear wall | Composite (T+C+S) |
71 | Lucien Cornil Student Residence | Prismatic | Residential | Peripheral | Shear walled frame | Composite (T+C) |
72 | Maskinparken TRE | Prismatic | Residential | Central | Shear wall | Timber |
73 | Pentagon I | Prismatic | Residential | Central | Shear wall | Timber |
74 | Puukuokka Housing Block | Prismatic | Residential | Central | Shear walled frame | Timber |
75 | Residences J.Ferry | Prismatic | Residential | Peripheral | Shear walled frame | Timber |
76 | Strandparken | Prismatic | Residential | Peripheral | Shear wall | Composite (T+S) |
77 | The Gardens Macarthur | Prismatic | Residential | Peripheral | Shear wall | Timber |
78 | Trummens Strand | Prismatic | Residential | Peripheral | Shear wall | Timber |
79 | Wood City Residential Buildings | Prismatic | Residential | Peripheral | Shear walled frame | Timber |
Note on abbreviations: ‘(T+C+S)’ indicates composite/hybrid structures combining timber and concrete and steel; ‘(T+C)’ indicates composite/hybrid structures combining timber and concrete; ‘(T+S)’ indicates composite/hybrid structures combining timber and steel. |
Appendix C. Space Efficiency and Core/GFA of High-Rise Timber Buildings
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Findings | Tall Timber Residentials (51 Cases) | Tall Timber Offices (33 Cases) | Non-Timber Mixed-Use Skyscrapers (64 Cases) | Non-Timber Residential Skyscrapers (27 Cases) | Non-Timber Office Skyscrapers (44 Cases) | Non-Timber Hotel Skyscrapers (31 Cases) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average space efficiency | 84% (ranges from 95% to 70%) | 83% (ranges from 93% to 70%) | 88% (ranges from 95% to 75%) | 71% (ranges from 84% to 55%) | 76% (ranges from 84% to 56%) | 71% (ranges from 82% to 63%) | 81% (ranges from 94% to 70%) |
Average ratio of core to GFA | 10% (ranges from 21% to 4%) | 10% (ranges from 21% to 4%) | 10% (ranges from 19% to 4%) | 26% (ranges from 38% to 16%) | 19% (ranges from 36% to 11%) | 26% (ranges from 36% to 15%) | 16% (ranges from 28% to 4%) |
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Ilgın, H.E.; Aslantamer, Ö.N. Spatial Effectiveness in High-Rise Timber Towers: A Global Perspective. Buildings 2024, 14, 2713. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092713
Ilgın HE, Aslantamer ÖN. Spatial Effectiveness in High-Rise Timber Towers: A Global Perspective. Buildings. 2024; 14(9):2713. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092713
Chicago/Turabian StyleIlgın, Hüseyin Emre, and Özlem Nur Aslantamer. 2024. "Spatial Effectiveness in High-Rise Timber Towers: A Global Perspective" Buildings 14, no. 9: 2713. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092713