Structural and Functional Differences in Small Intestinal and Fecal Microbiota: 16S rRNA Gene Investigation in Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. DNA Extraction, PCR, and Sequencing
2.4. Data Preprocessing
2.5. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Large Proportions of Ileal Flora Were Exclusive to the Feces
3.2. Shared Bacteria Were Composed of Distinct Floral Structures in the Ileum and Feces
3.3. Differing Diversity, Biomarkers, and Functions in Ileal and Fecal Bacteria
3.4. Ileal and Fecal Microbiota Under High-Fat Diet Intervention
3.5. Ileal Microbiota Under Specific-Pathogen–Free Conditions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Subject | Sex | Sampling | Analysis Methods | Sampling Locations | Relationship | Year of Reported |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beagle dogs | M | Permanent jejunal fistula | Culture | Jejunum fluid, feces | Fecal samples were unable to represent the microbiota present in the upper gut. | 2005 [32] |
Human | M/F | Esophagogastro- duodenoscopy | 16S rRNA gene sequencing | Stomach, duodenum, jejunum, feces | The small bowel microbiome was markedly different from that in the stool and varied between segments. | 2020 [17] |
Mongolian horses | M/F | Postmortem | 16S rRNA gene sequencing | Stomach, foregut (jejunum, ileum), hindgut (cecum, colon) | The microbial community structures were significantly different among the stomach, foregut, and hindgut. | 2020 [18] |
Pig | M | Postmortem | 16S rRNA gene sequencing | Whole gut | The fecal microbiome was insufficient to represent the whole gut microbiome. | 2023 [34] |
Human | M/F | Sampling capsule | 16S rRNA gene sequencing | Small intestinal fluid, feces | Analysis of stool provided neither a complete nor an accurate representation of the longitudinal and temporal variability of the microbiota composition, virus activity, host proteome or bile acid contents within the intestines | 2023 [35] |
Beagle dogs | M/F | SIMBA™ capsule | 16S rRNA gene sequencing | Small intestinal fluid, feces | A statistically significant difference in the microbial composition of capsules and feces was found. | 2023 [36] |
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Sun, X.-W.; Li, H.-R.; Jin, X.-L.; Tang, X.; Wang, D.-W.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, J.-G. Structural and Functional Differences in Small Intestinal and Fecal Microbiota: 16S rRNA Gene Investigation in Rats. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 1764. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091764
Sun X-W, Li H-R, Jin X-L, Tang X, Wang D-W, Zhang X, Zhang J-G. Structural and Functional Differences in Small Intestinal and Fecal Microbiota: 16S rRNA Gene Investigation in Rats. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(9):1764. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091764
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Xiao-Wei, Hong-Rui Li, Xiao-Lei Jin, Xiao Tang, Da-Wen Wang, Xiao Zhang, and Jian-Gang Zhang. 2024. "Structural and Functional Differences in Small Intestinal and Fecal Microbiota: 16S rRNA Gene Investigation in Rats" Microorganisms 12, no. 9: 1764. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091764