Soil Factors Key to 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate (DMPP) Efficacy: EC and SOC Dominate over Biotic Influences
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Sites and Soil Sampling
2.2. Soil Microcosm Incubation Experiment
2.3. Determination of Soil Mineral Nitrogen
2.4. Determination of N2O Emissions
2.5. Soil DNA Extraction and High-Throughput Sequencing
2.6. Quantitative PCR of Functional Genes
2.7. Statistic Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Physicochemical Properties of Different Soils
3.2. Composition, Diversity, and Abundance of Soil Nitrogen-Cycling Microorganisms
3.3. The Inhibitory Effects of DMPP on Nitrification and N2O Emissions from Different Soils
3.4. The Relative Contribution of Abiotic and Biotic Factors to DMPP Efficacy
4. Discussion
4.1. The Abiotic and Biotic Properties and DMPP Efficacy Varied among Selected Soils
4.2. The Physicochemical Properties of Soil Have a More Significant Impact on the Efficacy of DMPP
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | Number | Climate Type | Annual Mean Temperature (°C) | Mean Annual Precipitation (mm) | Grow Crops | Soil Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tianshui | TS | Warm temperate semi-humid semi-arid climate | 11.04 | 612.23 | Apple | Loessal soil |
Shihezi | SHZ | Temperate continental climate | 7.42 | 235.25 | Cotton | Desert gray soil |
Heze | HZ | Warm temperate semi-humid continental monsoon climate | 15.35 | 583.43 | Maize | Moisture soil |
Daxing | DX | Warm temperate semi-humid continental monsoon climate | 11.89 | 408.02 | Pepper | Moisture soil |
Siping | SP | Temperate monsoon climate | 7.90 | 657.20 | Maize | Chernozem |
Hunan | HN | Subtropical monsoon humid climate | 17.65 | 1286.30 | Rice | Paddy soil |
Site | pH | EC (μS·cm−1) | SOM (g·kg−1) | SOC (g·kg−1) | TN (g·kg−1) | C/N | AP (mg·kg−1) | AK (mg·kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TS | 7.88 ± 0.13 a # | 326.00 ± 75.51 a | 15.34 ± 1.35 cd | 8.90 ± 0.78 cd | 0.85 ± 0.01 b | 10.51 ± 0.80 ab | 8.51 ± 0.69 e | 29.17 ± 0.44 d |
SHZ | 7.79 ± 0.03 a | 261.33 ± 15.45 a | 20.35 ± 0.73 cd | 11.80 ± 0.42 cd | 1.04 ± 0.00 b | 11.36 ± 0.40 a | 15.31 ± 2.36 de | 220.84 ± 3.08 b |
HZ | 7.99 ± 0.38 a | 217.33 ± 2.40 ab | 10.27 ± 0.61 d | 5.96 ± 0.35 d | 0.86 ± 0.12 b | 6.93 ± 0.52 b | 36.71 ± 1.94 b | 163.88 ± 15.94 bc |
DX | 7.74 ± 0.04 a | 264.67 ± 12.60 a | 42.91 ± 3.44 b | 24.89 ± 2.00 b | 2.87 ± 0.26 a | 9.12 ± 0.54 ab | 123.64 ± 2.27 a | 404.18 ± 33.48 a |
SP | 6.13 ± 0.09 b | 71.73 ± 0.82 b | 22.93 ± 0.89 c | 13.30 ± 0.51 c | 1.05 ± 0.08 b | 12.79 ± 1.34 a | 22.36 ± 0.54 cd | 99.44 ± 7.61 cd |
HN | 4.44 ± 0.07 c | 101.53 ± 1.43 b | 58.56 ± 3.87 a | 33.97 ± 2.25 a | 2.72 ± 0.01 a | 12.49 ± 0.82 a | 27.68 ± 0.21 c | 58.31 ± 2.08 d |
Soil Site | NH4+_RA (%) | NNR_IR (%) | N2O_ERR (%) |
---|---|---|---|
TS | 65.37 ± 9.73 a # | 70.23 ± 2.08 a | 82.51 ± 0.31 a |
SHZ | 27.17 ± 9.32 a | 63.57 ± 1.99 ab | 55.97 ± 0.02 b |
HZ | 61.27 ± 6.52 a | 71.45 ± 0.96 a | 28.91 ± 0.80 c |
DX | 27.01 ± 4.01 a | 18.77 ± 2.92 b | 51.30 ± 2.22 b |
SP | 63.43 ± 6.76 a | 64.28 ± 1.69 ab | 7.93 ± 0.88 e |
HN | −71.15 ± 14.10 b | 44.40 ± 23.46 ab | 18.54 ± 0.63 d |
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Guan, T.; Lei, J.; Fan, Q.; Liu, R. Soil Factors Key to 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate (DMPP) Efficacy: EC and SOC Dominate over Biotic Influences. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 1787. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091787
Guan T, Lei J, Fan Q, Liu R. Soil Factors Key to 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate (DMPP) Efficacy: EC and SOC Dominate over Biotic Influences. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(9):1787. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091787
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuan, Tikun, Jilin Lei, Qianyi Fan, and Rui Liu. 2024. "Soil Factors Key to 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate (DMPP) Efficacy: EC and SOC Dominate over Biotic Influences" Microorganisms 12, no. 9: 1787. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091787