Effects of Phytonutrients on Ruminal Fermentation, Digestibility, and Microorganisms in Swamp Buffaloes
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Feeds, Animals, and Experimental Design
2.2. Data Collection and Sample Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Voluntary Feed Consumption and Digestibility
3.2. Ruminal Fermentation, Blood, Methane Production
3.3. Microbial Population Enumeration
4. Discussion
4.1. Voluntary Feed Consumption and Digestibility
4.2. Ruminal Fermentation, Blood, and Methane Production
4.3. Rumen Microorganism Population
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Concentrate | PTN1 | PTN2 | PTN3 | Rice Straw |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingredients, g/kg dry matter | |||||
Cassava chip | 618 | - | - | - | - |
Rice bran | 78 | - | - | - | - |
Coconut meal | 120 | - | - | - | - |
Palm kernel meal | 120 | - | - | - | - |
Mangosteen peel powder (MSP) | - | 910 | - | 455 | - |
Banana flower powder (BFP) | - | - | 910 | 455 | - |
Cassava chip meal | - | 50 | 50 | 50 | - |
Molasses | 19 | - | - | - | - |
Urea | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | - |
Mineral mixture | 5 | - | - | - | - |
Salt | 5 | - | - | - | - |
Sulfur | 5 | 10 | 10 | 10 | - |
Chemical composition, g/kg dry matter | |||||
Dry matter, g/kg | 898 | 925 | 905 | 913 | 905 |
Organic matter | 920 | 942 | 913 | 921 | 880 |
Ash | 80 | 58 | 87 | 79 | 220 |
Crude protein | 145 | 189 | 151 | 168 | 29 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 265 | 557 | 677 | 611 | 795 |
Acid detergent fiber | 124 | 495 | 451 | 475 | 436 |
Condensed tannins | - | 167 | 113 | 145 | - |
Items | Cont | PTN1 | PTN2 | PTN3 | SEM | p-Value |
Rice straw DM intake | ||||||
kg/day | 6.8 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 0.20 | 0.87 |
%BW | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 0.04 | 0.40 |
Concentrate DM intake | ||||||
kg/day | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0.32 | 0.19 |
%BW | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.07 | 0.61 |
Total DM intake | ||||||
kg/day | 8.6 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.9 | 0.13 | 0.56 |
%BW | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0.25 | 0.47 |
Apparent digestibility, %DM | ||||||
Dry matter, % | 59.0 | 58.5 | 57.9 | 58.7 | 1.56 | 0.45 |
Organic matter | 61.2 | 60.3 | 60.1 | 61.0 | 1.77 | 0.33 |
Crude protein | 62.5 | 67.2 | 64.8 | 65.7 | 2.45 | 0.72 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 40.5 a | 45.7 b | 48.1 b | 48.0 b | 1.15 | 0.01 |
Acid detergent fiber | 40.2 a | 45.4 b | 49.7 c | 48.5 c | 0.45 | 0.01 |
Item | Supplementation (100 g/h/day) | SEM | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cont | PTN1 | PTN2 | PTN3 | |||
Rumen parameters | ||||||
pH | 6.7 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 1.89 | 0.13 |
Temperature | 38.8 | 38.9 | 39.5 | 39.1 | 1.53 | 0.35 |
Ammonia nitrogen, mg/dL | 12.1 a | 15.7 b | 14.0 a | 14.9 b | 0.60 | 0.01 |
Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 6.8 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 2.77 | 0.24 |
Total volatile fatty acid, mmol/L | 97.2 a | 101.0 ab | 103.0 b | 106.6 b | 1.71 | 0.04 |
Acetic acid (C2), % | 73.4 a | 65.1 b | 59.3 c | 64.0 b | 1.12 | 0.01 |
Propionic acid (C3), % | 15.5 a | 21.5 b | 26.9 c | 22.5 b | 1.15 | 0.01 |
Butyric acid (C4), % | 11.1 a | 13.0 b | 14.9 c | 13.6 b | 0.41 | 0.02 |
C2:C3 | 4.8 a | 3.2 b | 2.1 c | 2.9 b | 0.57 | 0.01 |
Methane estimation, mM/L * | 33.2 a | 28.7 b | 25.8 c | 28.1 b | 0.83 | 0.03 |
Items | Supplementation (100 g/h/day) | SEM | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cont | PTN1 | PTN2 | PTN3 | |||
Total direct counts | ||||||
Protozoa, ×105 cell/mL | 8.2 a | 6.5 b | 7.7 c | 6.7 b | 0.09 | 0.02 |
Fungal zoospore, ×105 cell/mL | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 0.41 | 0.12 |
Roll-tube technique, CFU/mL Amylolytic bacteria, ×107 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 0.43 | 0.07 |
Proteolytic bacteria, ×107 | 3.5 a | 4.2 b | 4.4 b | 4.4 b | 0.15 | 0.02 |
Cellulolytic bacteria, ×108 | 3.4 a | 3.5 a | 4.6 b | 4.1 b | 0.16 | 0.01 |
Total viable bacteria, ×108 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 5.7 | 0.77 | 0.15 |
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Ampapon, T.; Phesatcha, K.; Wanapat, M. Effects of Phytonutrients on Ruminal Fermentation, Digestibility, and Microorganisms in Swamp Buffaloes. Animals 2019, 9, 671. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090671
Ampapon T, Phesatcha K, Wanapat M. Effects of Phytonutrients on Ruminal Fermentation, Digestibility, and Microorganisms in Swamp Buffaloes. Animals. 2019; 9(9):671. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090671
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmpapon, Thiwakorn, Kampanat Phesatcha, and Metha Wanapat. 2019. "Effects of Phytonutrients on Ruminal Fermentation, Digestibility, and Microorganisms in Swamp Buffaloes" Animals 9, no. 9: 671. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090671