The Influence of Social Media Usage and Perceived Government Market Orientation on Travel Intention to an Internet Celebrity City: Exploring the Mediating Effects of Place Attachment and Perceived Value
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Internet Celebrity City and Social Media Usage
2.2. Perceived Government Market Orientation
2.3. Place Attachment
2.4. Perceived Value
3. Hypothesis Development
4. Methodology
4.1. Study Setting
4.2. Data Collection and Sampling
4.3. Measures
4.4. Data Analysis
5. Findings
5.1. Demographic Findings
5.2. Measurement Model
5.3. Structural Model and Hypothesis Testing
5.3.1. Direct Relationship Testing
5.3.2. Mediating Effects Testing
6. Conclusions and Discussion
6.1. Theoretical Implications
6.2. Practical Implications
6.3. Study Limitations and Future Development
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Zeng, B.; Gerritsen, R. What do we know about social media in tourism? A review. Tour. Manag. Perspect. 2014, 10, 27–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chung, N.; Koo, C. The use of social media in travel information search. Telemat. Inform. 2015, 32, 215–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cervi, L. Travellers’ virtual communities: A success story. Univ.-XXI Rev. Cienc. Soc. Humanas 2019, 30, 97–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Islam, M.T. Applications of social media in the tourism industry: A review. SEISENSE J. Manag. 2021, 4, 59–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Putri, U.A.I. The Effect of Social Media, Word of Mouth on the Destination Image and Its Impact on the Visit Decision to Tourism Destinations in City of Padang. In Proceedings of the Fifth Padang International Conference on Economics Education, Economics, Business and Management, Accounting and Entrepreneurship (PICEEBA-5 2020), Padang, Indonesia, 18–19 July 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Postma, A.; Buda, D.-M.; Gugerell, K. The future of city tourism. J. Tour. Futures 2017, 3, 95–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shirly. National Tourism City Brand Influence Report. Available online: https://travel.sohu.com/a/629978048_99917329 (accessed on 15 January 2022).
- Wang, W. The logic of the internet celebrity economy, ethical reflection and regulatory guidance. Truth Seek. 2016, 8, 43–49. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, X.; Li, Y.; Wang, Y.; Cai, S. Internet celebrity city, flow effect and tourism development. J. Manag. Sci. China 2022, 25, 1–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ye, Y. Has the “Internet Celebrity” Director of Culture and Tourism Cut through the Traffic and Cashed in? Tide News. Available online: https://tianmunews.com/news.html?id=2423315 (accessed on 18 March 2023).
- Chu, C.-P. The Influence of Social Media Use and Travel Motivation on the Perceived Destination Image and Travel Intention to Taiwan of the Thai People. Bangkok University. 2018. Available online: http://dspace.bu.ac.th/jspui/handle/123456789/3163 (accessed on 18 March 2023).
- Joo, Y.; Seok, H.; Nam, Y. The moderating effect of social media use on sustainable rural tourism: A theory of planned behavior model. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4095. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shang, Y.; Mehmood, K.; Iftikhar, Y.; Aziz, A.; Tao, X.; Shi, L. Energizing intention to visit rural destinations: How social media disposition and social media use boost tourism through information publicity. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 782461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, Y. An Empirical Study on Hangzhou Tourism Marketing Efforts Based on Tourist Perception. J. Chang. Univ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 7, 52–56. [Google Scholar]
- Zhao, D.S.; Dou, Y. The influencing mechanism of government behavior on tourist destination image: A study based on grounded theory. J. Yunnan Univ. 2021, 20, 136–144. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, Y. A study on the dissemination of the image of the “internet celebrity city” on LittleRedBook. News Cult. Constr. 2021, 20, 19–20. [Google Scholar]
- Song, J.; Schuett, M.A. Examining the relationship between social media users’ motivation and place attachment to national parks. J. Outdoor Recreat. Tour. 2023, 44, 100628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caber, M.; Albayrak, T.; Crawford, D. Perceived value and its impact on travel outcomes in youth tourism. J. Outdoor Recreat. Tour. 2020, 31, 100327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, H.; Wang, F. How does government microblog affect tourism market value? The perspective of signaling theory. Inf. Process. Manag. 2022, 59, 102991. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, S.-C.; Lin, C.-P. Understanding the effect of social media marketing activities: The mediation of social identification, perceived value, and satisfaction. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 2019, 140, 22–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ao, P. Why is Internet celebrity so popular?—An interpretation and reflection based on the phenomenon of Internet celebrity. Contemp. Commun. 2016, 4, 40–44. [Google Scholar]
- Shen, X.; Wang, G.; Yang, T.; Zhong, S. The development of the internet celebrity phenomenon in China, analysis of characteristics and countermeasures. Intell. Mag. 2016, 35, 93–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, K. What Is ‘Internet Celebrity Economy’ in China. Target China. 2017. Available online: https://targetchina.com.au/article/internet-celebrity/ (accessed on 28 April 2017).
- Wu, W. Internet celebrity cities: The mediatization of cities driven by social media. J. Quanzhou Norm. Univ. 2020, 1, 97–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lei, M. Exploring the communication of internet celebrity city image in the age of convergence media-Changsha city as an example. Radio&TV J. 2021, 164–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kubickova, M.; Martin, D. Exploring the relationship between government and destination competitiveness: The TALC model perspective. Tour. Manag. 2020, 78, 104040. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dixon, S. Number of Global Social Network Users 2017–2027. Statista. 2023. Available online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/278414/number-of-worldwide-social-network-users/ (accessed on 21 May 2023).
- Ostic, D.; Qalati, S.A.; Barbosa, B.; Shah, S.M.M.; Galvan Vela, E.; Herzallah, A.M.; Liu, F. Effects of social media use on psychological well-being: A mediated model. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 678766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Swar, B.; Hameed, T. Fear of missing out, social media engagement, smartphone addiction and distraction: Moderating role of self-help mobile apps-based interventions in the youth. In Proceedings of the 10th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies (BIOSTEC 2017), Porto, Portugal, 21–23 February 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, X.; Mehraliyev, F.; Liu, C.; Schuckert, M. The roles of social media in tourists’ choices of travel components. Tour. Stud. 2020, 20, 27–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sohaib, M.; Safeer, A.A.; Majeed, A. Role of social media marketing activities in China’s e-commerce industry: A stimulus organism response theory context. Front. Psychol. 2022, 13, 941058. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, K.; Chung, T.-L.; Fiore, A.M. The role of interactivity from Instagram advertisements in shaping young female fashion consumers’ perceived value and behavioral intentions. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2023, 70, 103159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.; Qu, H. A comparison study of Chinese domestic tourism: China vs the USA. Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manag. 2004, 16, 108–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Molander, S.; Fellesson, M.; Friman, M. Market orientation in public service—A comparison between buyers and providers. J. Nonprofit Public Sect. Mark. 2017, 30, 74–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murillo Oviedo, A.B.; Pimenta, M.L.; Piato, É.L.; Hilletofth, P. Development of market-oriented strategies through cross-functional integration in the context of the food and beverage industry. Bus. Process Manag. J. 2020, 27, 901–921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parra-Lopez, E.; Martínez-Gonzalez, J.A.; Barrientos-Báez, A. Millennials’ support for tourism development: The effect of market orientation by governments. Tour. Rev. 2021, 76, 858–870. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kamarulzaman, N.H.; Khairuddin, N.H.; Hashim, H.; Hussin, S.R. Measuring market orientation, innovative marketing strategies and performance: Evidence from the Malaysian agro-food manufacturers. J. Agribus. Dev. Emerg. Econ. 2021, 13, 211–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, H.; Jiang, Y.; Lv, X. Public marketing performance of government tourism from process perspective: Theoretical framework and construction of evaluation index system. J. Bus. Econ. 2016, 2, 80–88. [Google Scholar]
- Faulkner, B. A model for the evaluation of national tourism destination marketing programs. J. Travel Res. 1997, 35, 23–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pike, S. Consumer-based brand equity for destinations: Practical DMO performance measures. J. Travel Tour. Mark. 2007, 22, 51–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kavaratzis, M. From city marketing to city branding: Towards a theoretical framework for developing city brands. Place Brand. 2004, 1, 58–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jeong, Y.; Yu, A.; Kim, S.-K. The antecedents of tourists’ behavioral intentions at sporting events: The case of South Korea. Sustainability 2019, 12, 333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ruhanen, L. Local government: Facilitator or inhibitor of sustainable tourism development? J. Sustain. Tour. 2013, 21, 80–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siregar, M.R.; Siregar, M.I.; Saputra, J.; Muzammil, A.; Muhammad, Z. The Mediating Role of Service Quality, Tourists’ Satisfaction and Destination Trust in the Relationship between Destination Image and Tourist Revisiting Intention. J. Environ. Manag. Tour. 2021, 12, 1603–1616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cervi, L.; Calvo, S.T.; Robledo-Dioses, K. Digital communication and the city. Analysis of the websites of the most visited cities in the world in the COVID-19 era. Rev. Lat. Comun. Soc. 2023, 81, 81–107. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, X. Government Destination Marketing:Post-earthquake Recovery Strategy for the Tourism Industry in Sichuan. J. Beijing Int. Stud. Univ. 2008, 9, 6–10. [Google Scholar]
- Li, J.; Chu, X.; Dai, H. A discussion about government tourism marketing. Chang Bai J. 2008, 3, 91–93. [Google Scholar]
- Tsai, C.T. Memorable tourist experiences and place attachment when consuming local food. Int. J. Tour. Res. 2016, 18, 536–548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Woosnam, K.M.; Aleshinloye, K.D.; Ribeiro, M.A.; Stylidis, D.; Jiang, J.; Erul, E. Social determinants of place attachment at a World Heritage Site. Tour. Manag. 2018, 67, 139–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morgan, P. Towards a developmental theory of place attachment. J. Environ. Psychol. 2010, 30, 11–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dang, L.; Weiss, J. Evidence on the relationship between place attachment and behavioral intentions between 2010 and 2021: A systematic literature review. Sustainability 2021, 13, 13138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hosany, S.; Buzova, D.; Sanz-Blas, S. The influence of place attachment, ad-evoked positive affect, and motivation on intention to visit: Imagination proclivity as a moderator. J. Travel Res. 2020, 59, 477–495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dwyer, L.; Chen, N.; Lee, J. The role of place attachment in tourism research. J. Travel Tour. Mark. 2019, 36, 645–652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nursyamsiah, R.A.; Setiawan, R.P. Does place attachment act as a mediating variable that affects revisit intention toward a revitalized park? Alex. Eng. J. 2023, 64, 999–1013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loureiro, S.M.C. The role of the rural tourism experience economy in place attachment and behavioral intentions. Int. J. Hosp. Manag. 2014, 40, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stylos, N.; Bellou, V.; Andronikidis, A.; Vassiliadis, C.A. Linking the dots among destination images, place attachment, and revisit intentions: A study among British and Russian tourists. Tour. Manag. 2017, 60, 15–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheng, C.-K.; Kuo, H.-Y. Bonding to a new place never visited: Exploring the relationship between landscape elements and place bonding. Tour. Manag. 2015, 46, 546–560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farnum, J. Sense of Place in Natural Resource Recreation and Tourism: An Evaluation and Assessment of Research Findings; General Technical Report; Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service: Corvallis, OR, USA, 2005; p. 660. [Google Scholar]
- Zeithaml, V.A. Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: A means-end model and synthesis of evidence. J. Mark. 1988, 52, 2–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aslam, W.; de Luna, I. The relationship between brand Facebook page characteristics, perceived value, and customer engagement behavior: An application of stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R). Rev. Bus. Manag. 2021, 23, 43–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Williams, P.; Soutar, G. Customer value, satisfaction and intentions: Some insights from adventure tourism. In Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference of the Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management, Yeppoon, Australia, 6–9 December 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Lee, C.-K.; Yoon, Y.-S.; Lee, S.-K. Investigating the relationships among perceived value, satisfaction, and recommendations: The case of the Korean DMZ. Tour. Manag. 2007, 28, 204–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yi, K.; Wang, Q.; Xu, J.; Liu, B. Attribution model of travel intention to internet celebrity spots: A systematic exploration based on psychological perspective. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 797482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abbasi, A.Z.; Schultz, C.D.; Ting, D.H.; Ali, F.; Hussain, K. Advertising value of vlogs on destination visit intention: The mediating role of place attachment among Pakistani tourists. J. Hosp. Tour. Technol. 2022, 13, 816–834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keng, C.J.; Ting, H.Y. The acceptance of blogs: Using a customer experiential value perspective. Internet Res. 2009, 19, 479–495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sheeran, P. Intention—Behavior relations: A conceptual and empirical review. Eur. Rev. Soc. Psychol. 2002, 12, 1–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Htibat, A.; Garanti, Z. Impact of interactive eReferral on tourists behavioral intentions. Mark. Intell. Plan. 2019, 37, 527–541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duong, L.H.; Phan, Q.D.; Nguyen, T.T.; Huynh, D.V.; Truong, T.T.; Duong, K.Q. Understanding tourists’ behavioral intention and destination support in post-pandemic recovery: The case of the Vietnamese domestic market. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9969. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Adamat, A.M.; Al-Gasawneh, J.A.; Sourak, N.A. The mediating effect of perceived value on the relationship between online promotion and travel intention. Test Eng. Manag. 2020, 83, 14911–14920. [Google Scholar]
- Kuo, N.-T. Effects of travel website quality and perceived value on travel intention with eWOM in social media and website reviews as moderators. J. Qual. Assur. Hosp. Tour. 2024, 25, 596–627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sodawan, A.; Hsu, R.L.-W. Halal-friendly attributes and Muslims’ visit intention: Exploring the roles of perceived value and destination trust. Sustainability 2022, 14, 12002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sekaran, U.; Bougie, R. Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach, 7th ed.; John Wiley & Sons Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Eastday. Train Goes through the Building on DouYin, Chongqing Goes Viral Overnight. China Daily. Available online: http://caijing.chinadaily.com.cn/chanye/2018-04/20/content_36064783.htm (accessed on 20 April 2018).
- Zhan, S.; Han, Q.; Yin, B.; Yang, R. White Paper on Short Video and City Image Research. T. I. DouYin, City Branding Studio, Tsinghua University. 2018. Available online: http://pdf.dfcfw.com/pdf/H3_AP201809161196406458_1.pdf (accessed on 21 June 2023).
- China’s Most Developed Cities in Tourism. Jiemian Chongqing. 2021. Available online: https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1714648292576738111&wfr=spider&for=pc (accessed on 26 October 2021).
- Jiang, S.; Ye, S. “The City That Spoils Tourists the Most” Is Recognised Again! Netizens: Chongqing Not Spoil but Drown Tourists! Available online: https://cq.cnr.cn/tp/20230705/t20230705_526316420.shtml (accessed on 14 July 2023).
- Etikan, I.; Bala, K. Sampling and sampling methods. Biom. Biostat. Int. J. 2017, 5, 00149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krejcie, R.V.; Morgan, D.W. Determining sample size for research activities. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 1970, 30, 607–610. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Comrey, A.; Lee, H. Interpretation and Application of Factor Analytic Results; Psychology Press: London, UK, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Garver, M.S.; Mentzer, J.T. Logistics research methods: Employing structural equation modeling to test for construct validity. J. Bus. Logist. 1999, 20, 33–57. [Google Scholar]
- Hoelter, J.W. The analysis of covariance structures: Goodness-of-fit indices. Sociol. Methods Res. 1983, 11, 325–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoe, S.L. Issues and procedures in adopting structural equation modelling technique. J. Quant. Methods 2008, 3, 76–83. [Google Scholar]
- Hair, J.F.; Black, W.C.; Babin, B.J. Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective; Pearson Education: London, UK, 2010; Available online: https://books.google.com/books?id=SLRPLgAACAAJ (accessed on 12 January 2020).
- Ellison, N.B.; Steinfield, C.; Lampe, C. The benefits of Facebook “friends”: Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. J. Comput.-Mediat. Commun. 2007, 12, 1143–1168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gray, B.; Matear, S.; Boshoff, C.; Matheson, P. Developing a better measure of market orientation. Eur. J. Mark. 1998, 32, 884–903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nguyen, T.H.H.; Wassler, P.; Schuckert, M. Investigating Local Students’ Support for Inbound Tourism and Its Relationship with Place Attachment in Hue City/Vietnam. HLST Conference, Summer 2016. Available online: https://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/19540/7/19540%20NGUYEN_Investigating_Local_Students%E2%80%99_Support_for%20Inbound%20Tourism_2016.pdf (accessed on 17 February 2023).
- Kim, K.-H.; Park, D.-B. Relationships among perceived value, satisfaction, and loyalty: Community-based ecotourism in Korea. J. Travel Tour. Mark. 2016, 34, 171–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, Y.H.; Huang, F.C. Tourists’ perceived value model and its measurement: An empirical Study. Tour. Trib. 2007, 22, 43–47. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, H.; Yan, J. Effects of social media tourism information quality on destination travel intention: Mediation effect of self-congruity and trust. Front. Psychol. 2022, 13, 1049149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brislin, R.W. Translation and Content Analysis of Oral and Written Materials [Methodology]; Allyn & Bacon: Boston, MA, USA, 1980. [Google Scholar]
- Kline, R.B. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling; Guilford Publications: New York, NY, USA, 2023. [Google Scholar]
- Anderson, J.C.; Gerbing, D.W. Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychol. Bull. 1988, 103, 411–423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, D.-Y.; Lehto, X.Y.; Morrison, A.M. Gender differences in online travel information search: Implications for marketing communications on the internet. Tour. Manag. 2007, 28, 423–433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, Y. Douyin Lifestyle Service Data: “She Economy” Heating Up. Available online: http://finance.ce.cn/home/jrzq/dc/202403/07/t20240307_38925207.shtml (accessed on 7 March 2024).
- Du, X.; Liechty, T.; Santos, C.A.; Park, J. ‘I want to record and share my wonderful journey’: Chinese Millennials’ production and sharing of short-form travel videos on TikTok or Douyin. Curr. Issues Tour. 2022, 25, 3412–3424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, K.; Zhang, H.; Xia, Y.; Liu, C. New Urban Consumption Space Shaped by Social Media: A Case Study of the Geo-Tagging Places of Changsha on Xiaohongshu. Mod. Urban Res. 2021, 9, 20–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kline, P. An Easy Guide to Factor Analysis; Routledge: London, UK, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Fornell, C.; Larcker, D.F. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J. Mark. Res. 1981, 18, 39–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reisinger, Y.; Mavondo, F. Structural equation modeling: Critical issues and new developments. J. Travel Tour. Mark. 2007, 21, 41–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taherdoost, H. Validity and reliability of the research instrument; how to test the validation of a questionnaire/survey in a research. Int. J. Acad. Res. Manag. 2016, 5, 28–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jackson, D.L.; Gillaspy, J.A., Jr.; Purc-Stephenson, R. Reporting practices in confirmatory factor analysis: An overview and some recommendations. Psychol. Methods 2009, 14, 6–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Reisinger, Y.; Turner, L. Structural equation modeling with Lisrel: Application in tourism. Tour. Manag. 1999, 20, 71–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pelet, J.-É.; Ettis, S.; Cowart, K. Optimal experience of flow enhanced by telepresence: Evidence from social media use. Inf. Manag. 2017, 54, 115–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mount, M.; Martinez, M.G. Social media: A tool for open innovation. Calif. Manag. Rev. 2014, 56, 124–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuanbin, X. Tourism, Covernment-Led and Public Marketing; Wuhan University Press: Wuhan, China, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- MacKinnon, D.P.; Lockwood, C.M.; Williams, J. Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivar. Behav. Res. 2004, 39, 99–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohammed Abubakar, A. Does eWOM influence destination trust and travel intention: A medical tourism perspective. Econ. Res.–Ekon. Istraživanja 2016, 29, 598–611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Code No. | SMU |
---|---|
SMUQ1 | Social media is part of my daily activities. |
SMUQ2 | I proudly tell others that I am using social media. |
SMUQ3 | Social media has become an integral aspect of my everyday routine. |
SMUQ4 | If I don’t log in to social media for a while, I feel disconnected. |
SMUQ5 | I feel like I am a part of the social media community. |
SMUQ6 | If social media were to shut down, I would feel regretful. |
Code No. | PGMO |
PGMOQ1 | The tourism policies of the Chongqing government consider the practical needs of tourists. |
PGMOQ2 | The tourism agencies of the Chongqing government consider the future expectations of tourists. |
PGMOQ3 | The tourism agencies of the Chongqing government consider the changing circumstances of tourists. |
PGMOQ4 | In shaping the city’s tourism image, the Chongqing government does a better job than other cities. |
PGMOQ5 | In conducting tourism marketing activities, the Chongqing government does a better job than other cities. |
Code No. | PA |
PAQ1 | Chongqing is my top choice for travel. |
PAQ2 | I prefer Chongqing over other cities. |
PAQ3 | The feeling Chongqing gives me is incomparable to anywhere else. |
PAQ4 | Traveling to Chongqing holds great significance for me. |
PAQ5 | Chongqing is a very special city to me. |
PAQ6 | I strongly endorse Chongqing as a tourist destination. |
Code No. | PV |
PVQ1 | When traveling to Chongqing, the service quality is very good. |
PVQ2 | When traveling to Chongqing, the management level is very good. |
PVQ3 | When traveling to Chongqing, I can enjoy delicious food. |
PVQ4 | When traveling to Chongqing, it is very convenient. |
PVQ5 | When traveling to Chongqing, the pricing is very reasonable. |
PVQ6 | When traveling to Chongqing, the cost of living is very low. |
PVQ7 | When traveling to Chongqing, the cost-effectiveness is very high. |
PVQ8 | When traveling to Chongqing, it can satisfy my curiosity. |
PVQ9 | When traveling to Chongqing, I can admire the unique urban scenery. |
PVQ10 | When traveling to Chongqing, I can experience some special new things. |
Code No. | TI |
TIQ1 | It is very likely that I will choose to travel to Chongqing in the future. |
TIQ2 | I plan to travel to Chongqing. |
TIQ3 | I will recommend travel to Chongqing to others. |
Variables | Factor Loadings | Composite Reliability | AVE |
---|---|---|---|
SMU | 0.677–0.929 | 0.920 | 0.661 |
PGMO | 0.832–0.942 | 0.956 | 0.812 |
PA | 0.826–0.914 | 0.953 | 0.771 |
PV | 0.735–0.887 | 0.960 | 0.704 |
TI | 0.907–0.942 | 0.951 | 0.865 |
Variables | AVE | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. SMU | 0.661 | 0.813 | ||||
2. PGMO | 0.812 | 0.589 | 0.901 | |||
3. PA | 0.771 | 0.492 | 0.695 | 0.917 | ||
4. PV | 0.704 | 0.466 | 0.669 | 0.681 | 0.890 | |
5. TI | 0.865 | 0.463 | 0.545 | 0.689 | 0.661 | 0.930 |
Hypothesized Paths | Standard Error | Critical Ratio | p Value | Standardized Regression Coefficient | Support |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SMU → TI | 0.038 | 3.535 | 0.000 | 0.126 | Yes |
SMU → PA | 0.041 | 3.391 | 0.000 | 0.122 | Yes |
SMU → PV | 0.037 | 2.876 | 0.004 | 0.106 | Yes |
PGMO → TI | 0.055 | −1.531 | 0.126 | −0.078 | No |
PGMO → PA | 0.044 | 16.453 | 0.000 | 0.632 | Yes |
PGMO → PV | 0.040 | 15.969 | 0.000 | 0.616 | Yes |
PA → TI | 0.040 | 10.721 | 0.000 | 0.449 | Yes |
PV → TI | 0.042 | 9.518 | 0.000 | 0.375 | Yes |
Indirect Relationships | Point Estimate | Bootstrap 1000 Times | |
---|---|---|---|
Bias-Corrected 95% | |||
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | ||
SMU → PA → TI | 0.059 | 0.018 | 0.126 |
PGMO → PA → TI | 0.309 | 0.185 | 0.440 |
SMU → PV → TI | 0.043 | 0.009 | 0.102 |
PGMO → PV → TI | 0.252 | 0.150 | 0.427 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Tang, W.; Tosun, C.; Mohamed, A.E.; Uslu, S. The Influence of Social Media Usage and Perceived Government Market Orientation on Travel Intention to an Internet Celebrity City: Exploring the Mediating Effects of Place Attachment and Perceived Value. Behav. Sci. 2024, 14, 694. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080694
Tang W, Tosun C, Mohamed AE, Uslu S. The Influence of Social Media Usage and Perceived Government Market Orientation on Travel Intention to an Internet Celebrity City: Exploring the Mediating Effects of Place Attachment and Perceived Value. Behavioral Sciences. 2024; 14(8):694. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080694
Chicago/Turabian StyleTang, Wu, Cevat Tosun, Ahmad Edwin Mohamed, and Sinan Uslu. 2024. "The Influence of Social Media Usage and Perceived Government Market Orientation on Travel Intention to an Internet Celebrity City: Exploring the Mediating Effects of Place Attachment and Perceived Value" Behavioral Sciences 14, no. 8: 694. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080694