Emotional Reactions of Professionals to Challenging Behaviors in People with Intellectual and Developmental Disability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Setting and Participants
2.2. Outcome Measures
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Emotional Reactions of Professionals
3.2. Emotional Reactions of Professionals Related to Age, Gender, and Level of IDD
3.3. Emotional Reactions of Professionals Related to Problem Behavior
3.4. Predictors of the Negative and Positive Emotional Reactions of Staff
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Prevalence N (%) | Frequency Mean (SD 4) | Severity Mean (SD) | |
---|---|---|---|
CBs exhibited by individuals with IDD | |||
SIB 1 | 209 (71.33) | 3.47 (3.5) | 2.3 (2.37) |
ADB 2 | 251 (85.67) | 5.73 (4.94) | 4.76 (4.2) |
SB 3 | 257 (87.71) | 13.4 (10.07) | - |
Only SIB | 6 (2.05) | - | - |
Only ADB | 17 (5.8) | - | - |
Only SB | 9 (3.07) | - | - |
SIB and ADB | 12 (4.1) | - | - |
SIB and SB | 25 (9.56) | - | - |
ADB and SB | 55 (18.78) | - | - |
Other diagnoses of individuals with IDD | |||
Autism spectrum disorder | 120 (40.96) | - | - |
Seizure disorder | 34 (11.6) | - | - |
Sensory impairment (auditory and/or visual) | 35 (11.95) | - | - |
Physical disability | 47 (16.04) | - | - |
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | 12 (4.1) | - | - |
Down syndrome | 11 (3.75) | - | - |
Other genetic syndrome | 51 (17.41) | - | - |
Mental health disorder | 29 (9.9) | - | - |
Brain damage | 16 (5.46) | - | - |
Cerebral palsy | 26 (8.87) | - | - |
Other diagnosis or unknown | 20 (6.83) | - | - |
Level of adaptive behavior of individuals with IDD | |||
Intermittent support | 4 (1.37) | - | - |
Limited support | 3 (1.02) | - | - |
Intermittent or limited support + conduct disorder | 25 (8.53) | - | - |
Extensive support | 31 (10.58) | - | - |
Generalized support | 67 (22.87) | - | - |
Generalized Support + conduct disorder | 114 (38.91) | - | - |
Unknown | 49 (16.72) | - | - |
Residential placement | |||
Home family | 125 (42.66) | - | - |
Residential care home | 158 (53.93) | - | - |
Residence or group home | 7 (2.39) | - | - |
Others | 3 (1.02) | - | - |
Specialized care service | |||
Special education school | 106 (36.18) | - | - |
Occupational therapy centers | 25 (8.53) | - | - |
Day care centers | 27 (9.22) | - | - |
Residential care home | 131 (44.71) | - | - |
Others | 4 (1.37) | - | - |
ERCBS | Mean (SD) | Never (%) | Yes, Sometimes (%) | Yes, Frequently (%) | Yes, Very Frequently (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Negative affectivity subscale | 6.43 (5.21) | - | - | - | - |
1. Shocked | 0.45 (0.73) | 66.89 | 22.18 | 8.19 | 2.05 |
3. Guilty | 0.22 (0.51) | 81.91 | 14.68 | 2.39 | 0.68 |
4. Hopeless | 0.62 (0.82) | 56.31 | 28.33 | 11.6 | 3.41 |
6. Afraid | 0.3 (0.61) | 76.11 | 19.11 | 2.73 | 1.71 |
7. Angry | 0.56 (0.76) | 56.63 | 31.4 | 10.58 | 2.05 |
9. Incompetent | 0.22 (0.53) | 81.91 | 14.33 | 2.39 | 1.02 |
11. Frustrated | 0.74 (0.84) | 47.44 | 33.79 | 14.02 | 3.41 |
12. Helpless | 0.27 (0.6) | 80.21 | 13.31 | 5.12 | 1.03 |
14. Disgusted | 0.8 (0.83) | 43 | 35.84 | 17.41 | 3.07 |
16. Resigned | 0.69 (0.92) | 56.31 | 22.87 | 14.68 | 5.46 |
17. Frightened | 0.23 (0.52) | 80.89 | 14.33 | 3.75 | 0.34 |
19. Humiliated | 0.05 (0.23) | 95.22 | 4.1 | 0.34 | 0 |
20. Betrayed | 0.06 (0.33) | 96.24 | 2.05 | 0.68 | 0.34 |
21. Sad | 0.45 (0.69) | 65.19 | 25.94 | 7.17 | 1.37 |
23. Nervous | 0.78 (0.79) | 40.96 | 41.98 | 13.99 | 2.73 |
Positive affectivity subscale | 8.65 (5.63) | - | - | - | - |
2. Confident | 1.79 (1.03) | 17.75 | 11.26 | 43.35 | 25.94 |
5. Comfortable | 1.09 (1.12) | 44.05 | 13.99 | 26.96 | 13.31 |
8. Invigorated | 0.71 (1.01) | 61.43 | 11.26 | 19.11 | 6.83 |
10. Happy | 0.7 (1.06) | 65.53 | 8.53 | 16.04 | 9.56 |
13. Self-assured | 1.97 (0.93) | 10.92 | 12.29 | 45.73 | 30.72 |
15. Relaxed | 1.07 (1.08) | 42.32 | 19.45 | 24.92 | 12.29 |
18. Cheerful | 0.93 (1.09) | 53.24 | 8.53 | 28.67 | 8.87 |
22. Excited | 0.48 (0.83) | 70.31 | 13.99 | 12.29 | 3.07 |
Total ERCB | 15.09 (6.45) |
Negative Affectivity Subscale | Positive Affectivity Subscale | Total ERCB | |
---|---|---|---|
Age of the participants with IDD | −0.25 *** | 0.27 *** | 0.04 |
Challenging behavior | |||
SIB-Frequency | 0.13 * | 0.05 | 0.15 ** |
SIB-Severity | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.09 |
ADB-Frequency | 0.19 *** | −0.12 * | 0.06 |
ADB-Severity | 0.21 *** | −0.25 *** | −0.04 |
SB-Frequency | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.12 * |
Behavioral function | |||
Attention | 0.26 *** | −0.07 | 0.14 * |
Escape | 0.28 *** | −0.04 | 0.18 ** |
Sensorial | −0.04 | 0.09 | 0.04 |
Physical | 0.11 | −0.01 | 0.06 |
Tangible | 0.3 *** | −0.11 | 0.13 * |
ERCB | Women/Girls (N = 98) M (SD) | Men/Boys (N = 195) M (SD) | Mann–Whitney U Test |
---|---|---|---|
Negative affectivity subscale | 6.5 (4.9) | 6.4 (5.37) | 9188.5 p = 0.59 |
Positive affectivity subscale | 9.66 (5.99) | 8.14 (5.39) | 8256.5 p = 0.06 |
Total ERCB | 16.16 (6.23) | 14.54 (6.5) | 8120.5 p = 0.04 |
ERCB | Group I 1 (N = 18) Mean (SD) | Group II 2 (N = 71) M (SD) | Group III 3 (N = 147) M (SD) | Group IV 4 (N = 57) M (SD) | Kruskal– Wallis | Dunn’s Post Hoc Test Comparisons-Level IDD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Negative affectivity subscale | 7.67 (3.76) | 7.62 (5.94) | 5.89 (5.04) | 5.97 (4.85) | (3, 7.51) p = 0.06 | - |
Positive affectivity subscale | 6.67 (3.34) | 6.78 (5.43) | 9.44 (5.63) | 9.6 (5.87) | (3, 14.84) p = 0.002 | II < III *** II < IV ** |
Total ERCB | 14.33 (3.94) | 14.39 (7.14) | 15.33 (6.39) | 15.56 (6.38) | (3, 1.26) p = 0.74 | - |
Negative Affectivity Subscale | |
---|---|
Block 1 | |
ADB-Severity β 1 | 0.22 * |
ADB-Frequency β | 0.03 |
SIB-Frequency β | 0.18 ** |
R2 | 0.1 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.09 |
F | (3.287) 11.09 *** |
Block 2 | |
ADB-Severity β | 0.14 * |
SIB-Frequency β | 0.18 ** |
Tangible β | 0.07 |
Escape β | 0.15 * |
Attention β | 0.13 * |
R2 2 | 0.17 |
Adjusted R2 3 | 0.15 |
Δ Adjusted R2 4 | 0.06 |
F 5 | (5.285) 11.51 *** |
Block 3: final model | |
ADB-Severity β | 0.13 * |
SIB-Frequency β | 0.18 ** |
Escape β | 0.15 * |
Attention β | 0.15 ** |
Age of person with IDD | −0.15 ** |
R2 | 0.18 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.17 |
Δ Adjusted R2 | 0.02 |
F | (5.285) 12.9 *** |
Positive Affectivity Subscale | |
---|---|
Block 1 | |
ADB-Severity β | −0.48 *** |
ADB-Frequency β | 0.28 ** |
R2 | 0.1 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.09 |
F | (2.288) 15.33 *** |
Block 2 | |
ADB-Severity β | −0.41 *** |
ADB-Frequency β | 0.26 ** |
Age of person with IDD β | 0.21 *** |
Level IDD β | 0.07 |
R2 | 0.15 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.14 |
Δ Adjusted R2 | 0.05 |
F | (4.286) 12.83 *** |
Block 3: final model | |
ADB-Severity β | −0.41 *** |
ADB-Frequency β | 0.26 ** |
Age of person with IDD β | 0.21 *** |
R2 | 0.15 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.14 |
F | (4.286) 16.64 *** |
Positive affectivity subscale |
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Reyes-Martín, J.; Simó-Pinatella, D.; Andrés, A. Emotional Reactions of Professionals to Challenging Behaviors in People with Intellectual and Developmental Disability. Behav. Sci. 2024, 14, 707. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080707
Reyes-Martín J, Simó-Pinatella D, Andrés A. Emotional Reactions of Professionals to Challenging Behaviors in People with Intellectual and Developmental Disability. Behavioral Sciences. 2024; 14(8):707. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080707
Chicago/Turabian StyleReyes-Martín, Juliana, David Simó-Pinatella, and Ana Andrés. 2024. "Emotional Reactions of Professionals to Challenging Behaviors in People with Intellectual and Developmental Disability" Behavioral Sciences 14, no. 8: 707. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14080707