How Income and Discrimination Shape the Acceptance of Newcomers in Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Native-Born and Immigrant Populations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Literature Review
1.2. The Current Study
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Examination of Hypotheses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Study Limitations
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Native-Born | Non-EU Immigrants | EU Immigrants |
---|---|---|---|
Income, scaled 1–10, Mean (SD) | 5.97 (2.61) | 5.20 (2.63) | 5.86 (2.77) |
Belonging to a discriminated group, % | 2.7% | 18.9% | 6.5% |
Economic threat, scaled 1–11, Mean (SD) | 5.95 (2.55) | 4.46 (2.48) | 4.39 (2.38) |
Cultural threat, scaled 1–11, Mean (SD) | 5.74 (2.64) | 4.36 (2.50) | 4.27 (2.38) |
Willingness to accept newcomers of different ethnicity from most of the country’s people, scaled 1–4, Mean (SD) | 2.49 (0.92) | 2.99 (0.82) | 2.92 (0.80) |
Willingness to accept newcomers of the same ethnicity, scaled 1–4, Mean (SD) | 2.86 (0.88) | 3.15 (0.75) | 3.15 (0.79) |
Willingness to accept newcomers from poor countries outside Europe, scaled 1–4, Mean (SD) | 2.43 (0.93) | 2.95 (0.86) | 2.84 (0.86) |
Male, % | 46.6% | ||
Age, Mean (SD) | 43.8 (13.4) | 44.3 (12.9) | 43.6 (12.1) |
Education, % | 100% | 46.3% | 46.0% |
less than lower secondary | 2.8 | 6.8 | 4.2 |
lower secondary | 10.7 | 13.2 | 11.9 |
lower tier upper secondary | 12.1 | 13.6 | 9.9 |
upper tier upper secondary | 33.9 | 25.3 | 27.8 |
advanced vocational, sub-degree | 10.4 | 10.1 | 10.7 |
lower tertiary education, BA level | 15.1 | 11.8 | 13.2 |
higher tertiary education, MA level or higher | 15.1 | 19.3 | 22.3 |
Employed, % | 91.2% | 91.9% | 94.8% |
Standardized Effects (β) | Groups of Respondents | ||
---|---|---|---|
Native-Born | Non-EU Immigrants | EU Immigrants | |
Direct effects: | |||
Income → Economic threat | −0.121 *** | 0.008 | −0.068 |
Income → Cultural threat | −0.120 *** | −0.028 | −0.044 |
Belonging to a discriminated group → Economic threat | −0.001 | −0.072 * | −0.031 |
Belonging to a discriminated group → Cultural threat | −0.009 | −0.100 *** | −0.077 |
Economic threat → Willingness to accept newcomers of a different ethnicity from most of the country’s people | −0.290 *** | −0.293 *** | −0.301 *** |
Economic threat → Willingness to accept newcomers of the same ethnicity as most of the country’s people | −0.263 *** | −0.230 *** | −0.229 *** |
Economic threat → Willingness to accept newcomers from poor countries outside Europe | −0.291 *** | −0.340 *** | −0.243 *** |
Cultural threat → Willingness to accept newcomers of different ethnicity from most of the country’s people | −0.335 *** | −0.253 *** | −0.257 *** |
Cultural threat → Willingness to accept newcomers of the same ethnicity as most of the country’s people | −0.248 *** | −0.228 *** | −0.278 *** |
Cultural threat → Willingness to accept newcomers from poor countries outside Europe | −0.327 *** | −0.186 *** | −0.262 *** |
Income → Willingness to accept newcomers of different ethnicity from most of the country’s people | 0.026 | 0.007 | −0.040 |
Income → Willingness to accept newcomers of the same ethnicity as most of the country’s people | 0.030 | −0.032 | 0.034 |
Income → Willingness to accept newcomers from poor countries outside Europe | 0.016 | 0.010 | 0.028 |
Belonging to a discriminated group → Willingness to accept newcomers of different ethnicity from most of the country’s people | 0.012 | 0.077 ** | 0.064 |
Belonging to a discriminated group → Willingness to accept newcomers of the same ethnicity as most of the country’s people | 0.006 | 0.020 | 0.041 |
Belonging to a discriminated group → Willingness to accept newcomers from poor countries outside Europe | 0.008 | 0.068 ** | 0.038 |
Indirect effects: | |||
Indirect effect of Income on Willingness to accept newcomers of different ethnicity from most of the country’s people through Economic and Cultural threats | 0.075 ** | 0.005 | 0.032 |
Indirect effect of Income on Willingness to accept newcomers of the same ethnicity as most of the country’s people through Economic and Cultural threats | 0.061 ** | 0.004 | 0.028 |
Indirect effect of Income on Willingness to accept newcomers from poor countries outside Europe through Economic and Cultural threats | 0.074 ** | 0.003 | 0.028 |
Indirect effect of Belonging to a discriminated group on Willingness to accept newcomers of different ethnicity from most of the country’s people through Economic and Cultural threats | 0.003 | 0.046 ** | 0.029 |
Indirect effect of Belonging to a discriminated group on Willingness to accept newcomers of the same ethnicity as most of the country’s people through Economic and Cultural threats | 0.003 | 0.037 ** | 0.029 |
Indirect effect of Belonging to a discriminated group on Willingness to accept newcomers from poor countries outside Europe through Economic and Cultural threats | 0.003 | 0.043 ** | 0.028 |
Total effects: | |||
Income → Willingness to accept newcomers of different ethnicity from most of the country’s people | 0.101 ** | 0.012 | −0.009 |
Income → Willingness to accept newcomers of the same ethnicity as most of the country’s people | 0.092 ** | −0.028 | 0.062 |
Income → Willingness to accept newcomers from poor countries outside Europe | 0.090 ** | 0.012 | 0.056 |
Belonging to a discriminated group → Willingness to accept newcomers of different ethnicity from most of the country’s people | 0.015 | 0.123 ** | 0.094 |
Belonging to a discriminated group → Willingness to accept newcomers of the same ethnicity as most of the country’s people | 0.008 | 0.057 | 0.070 |
Belonging to a discriminated group → Willingness to accept newcomers from poor countries outside Europe | 0.011 | 0.111 ** | 0.066 |
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Kushnirovich, N. How Income and Discrimination Shape the Acceptance of Newcomers in Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Native-Born and Immigrant Populations. Behav. Sci. 2024, 14, 743. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14090743
Kushnirovich N. How Income and Discrimination Shape the Acceptance of Newcomers in Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Native-Born and Immigrant Populations. Behavioral Sciences. 2024; 14(9):743. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14090743
Chicago/Turabian StyleKushnirovich, Nonna. 2024. "How Income and Discrimination Shape the Acceptance of Newcomers in Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Native-Born and Immigrant Populations" Behavioral Sciences 14, no. 9: 743. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14090743