A BIM-Based Value for Money Assessment in Public-Private Partnership: An Overall Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Relevant literature focused on PPP performances in order to summarise the most important indicators of procurement.
- (2)
- VfM content by summarising the guidance of both quantitative and qualitative assessments.
- (3)
- PPP policies and legal frameworks in different countries, as well as in-depth investigations from the published PPP project documents in China to indicate the VfM application status.
- (4)
- BIM-based research aligned with the VfM and other key performance indicators to further analyse the emerging operational framework.
2. Methodology
- Research Publications: The papers on PPP were mainly sourced from construction and public procurement domain journals using the ScienceDirect and Scopus search engines. The information was collected via systematic literature research using keywords and content criteria. The results revealed that the assessment indicators in VfM were aligned with the other key indicators, such as key performance indicators (KPI).
- Published Guidance and Documentation: This included the status of overseas VfM-related methodology published by the World Bank Group and procurement project documents in the Chinese financial sector. The documentation explained that VfM was inadequately catered for in current project practices. More specifically, procurement documentation from the Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China was collected. The documents consisted of VfM reports on transportation, urban housing, education, culture, nursing, and municipal engineering from Chinese PPP demonstration projects, which heavily reflected the practical application of VfM.
- Procedures and Contents: Current representative legal VfM guidance was sourced from the related national and international governing bodies to express the requirements of VfM contents (e.g., British VfM assessment guidance, US Federal Highway Administration Guidebook for VfM assessment, and Chinese PPP VfM guidance). The selection of related guidance was gathered at various conferences and events, along with the information from literature and industry reports.
- Research Publications: The intersection of BIM and project quantitative and qualitative management aspects corresponding to the contents of the VfM were supplemented with transferable construction contents. A combined quantitative approach was taken to classify further and analyse the literature presented. In addition, the alignment between BIM and the ontological approach was also reviewed as a new research methodology for knowledgebase development.
- Tools and Software: The implementation of BIM for multiple project purposes corresponded to the VfM content.
3. Overview of Value for Money Assessment
3.1. PPP Literature Review and VfM
3.2. VfM Assessment Application Status
3.3. Review of VfM Assessment Contents
3.3.1. VfM Qualitative Assessment
3.3.2. VfM Quantitative Assessment
- Qualitative assessment lacks an appropriate information query system, i.e., one able to support information queries and the position.
- The project data currently used for quantitative financial accounting are historical and may generate unreliable results. The information that could be acquired from multiple sources and resources is neither sourced nor represented, which brings about issues with the information exchange necessary for calculating the present values.
4. A Statistical Review of BIM Development
4.1. The Literature Review of BIM and VfM
4.2. BIM and VfM
4.3. Semantic BIM-Based Assessment
5. Discussion—Research Gaps Identified
- Information exchange—A scheme that highly accepted information delivery was lacking. Although there are various implementation approaches for calculating costs and quality features using an IFC model in the construction stages, no information exchange scheme was fully extended to encompass the significant elements of VfM within PPP infrastructure projects, especially in operation and maintenance stage. This is most likely due to the complexity of PPP, involving various types of infrastructure works. In addition, the growing use of big data approaches and machine-learning techniques are reducing the need for structured data formats. These emerging methods still require integrated datasets and explicit exchange requirements to capture the asset information in the very beginning and, later on, benefits the operation and maintenance [72,73,74,75]. Therefore, determining a universally agreed upon information exchange scheme is still a high-profile research area.
- Alignment of the VfM knowledge with the supporting information—There were numerous studies that used the BIM information and ontologies to automate various support solutions. These knowledge-based approaches have been applied to the PPP business domain at the organisation level, where BIM could benefit the project justification and procurement plans is an area yet to be explored and would be relevant to the various types of construction-based projects. VfM in PPP requires comprehensive qualitative and quantitative assessments. Due to the different types of procurements, VfM also requires knowledge support to facilitate a much more holistic process that considers determinants, especially the results of quantitative PSC and PPP values. These processes could be rendered much more effective.
- Data integration environment—BIM-based management systems have focused mainly on technical applications for integrating additional dimensions into the already developed 3D information model. The ability to analyse and visualise the data has only been determined within construction projects. However, even the IFC structure is expanding. The current datatype is difficult to use for project external data, such as financial and organisational data. The approach of placing all the project external data and internal data into a single database is urgently required, as this approach could be applied to real-world projects to provide more accurate results and create benefits in operation and maintenance. In such cases, the data extracted from BIM can guarantee the real-time accuracy of the internal project measurements. In addition, the linear or nonlinear data analysis approach could measure external performance. Therefore, a virtualised data integration engine should be explored to provide both one location for information and a database that contains project externalities.
6. Roadmap for BIM-based VfM in PPP
- The semantic environment has the potential to connect to the project information from a shared data environment. Information query and qualitative assessment could be facilitated by building up knowledge bases for different types of PPP projects.
- The information extracted from the BIM, which is a vital element of information initialisation, provides high-quality data input to guarantee the accuracy and high levels of synchronisation for the quantitative assessment. The PPP lifecycle project flow is considered, and the BIM enhances the information exchange.
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rating | Description of Criterion to Remove Not-Related Literature |
---|---|
5 | Literature focus on the important factors in PPP infrastructure projects |
4 | Literature focus on investigating the PPP infrastructure status from the procurement level |
3 | Generalised nonspecific work on PPP infrastructure research |
2 | Literature relates to public procurement on infrastructure but not specifically relates to the PPP model |
1 | Irrelevant literature that does not concern the infrastructure type of work nor PPP procurement model |
Internal Indicators | [12] | [12] | [13] | [14] | [15] | [16] | [17] | [18] | [18] | [19] | [20] | Average Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Screen as PPP | ||||||||||||
The methodology of project selection | 3.40 | 3.10 | 4.06 | 4.33 | 3.69 | 3.97 | 3.76 | |||||
Project plan/programming | 3.16 | 4.24 | 4.42 | 3.94 | ||||||||
Structure PPP | ||||||||||||
Risk/Responsibility allocation | 4.34 | 3.89 | 3.77 | 3.98 | 3.99 | 4.00 | ||||||
Appraise PPP | ||||||||||||
Cost/benefits assessment | 3.79 | 3.61 | 4.25 | 4.51 | 4.00 | 3.57 | 4.81 | 4.08 | ||||
Finance/resources availability | 4.25 | 2.90 | 4.37 | 3.84 | ||||||||
Finance closure | 3.02 | 3.69 | 4.00 | 3.74 | 3.61 | |||||||
Technical innovation | 3.62 | 3.72 | 4.40 | 3.88 | 3.38 | 4.25 | 4.06 | 3.90 | ||||
Delay in approval and payment | 3.65 | 4.07 | 3.40 | 4.35 | 3.87 | |||||||
Design and Manage PPP | ||||||||||||
Tender and competition | 3.81 | 3.70 | 3.06 | 4.17 | 3.82 | 3.35 | 3.65 | |||||
Requirements of stakeholders | 4.04 | 3.33 | 3.66 | 2.92 | 3.70 | 4.33 | 3.15 | 4.00 | 4.55 | 3.74 | ||
Brief and contract documents | 3.75 | 3.63 | 3.91 | 4.34 | 3.48 | 4.61 | 3.95 | |||||
Transparent procurement process | 4.00 | 3.98 | 4.00 | 3.69 | 3.92 | |||||||
Building a team/Competent team | 3.07 | 4.06 | 4.30 | 4.35 | 3.95 | |||||||
Change in contract | 3.38 | 3.06 | 4.24 | 3.54 | 4.13 | 3.40 | 4.29 | 3.72 | ||||
Design & Construction and Completion | ||||||||||||
Site construction safety | 4.08 | 3.13 | 4.65 | 3.95 | ||||||||
Site availability | 2.50 | 3.92 | 4.00 | 3.43 | 3.46 | |||||||
Design deficiency/Buildability | 3.17 | 4.74 | 3.96 | |||||||||
Workmanship/Complexity | 3.15 | 4.17 | 3.66 | |||||||||
Completion/Time delay | 4.21 | 4.57 | 3.04 | 3.54 | 4.44 | 3.49 | 3.88 | |||||
Material/Labour/Equipment | 3.28 | 4.36 | 3.64 | 4.23 | 4.47 | 3.41 | 4.74 | 4.02 | ||||
Construction cost overrun | 4.08 | 4.15 | 4.29 | 4.65 | 4.29 | |||||||
Operation and Market Risk | ||||||||||||
Market interest | 4.15 | 3.54 | 3.42 | 3.00 | 4.07 | 3.60 | 3.63 | |||||
Operation cost | 3.29 | 4.43 | 4.15 | 3.94 | 3.54 | 3.87 | ||||||
Operation performance | 3.23 | 3.73 | 4.27 | 3.74 | ||||||||
Residual assets | 2.48 | 2.70 | 2.59 | |||||||||
Operation strategy change | 2.40 | 4.22 | 3.38 | 3.76 | 3.49 | 3.45 |
Country | VfM Application Status | PPP Legal Framework | VfM Toolkit |
---|---|---|---|
Turkey | No specific methodology developed | No | No |
China | Specific methodology developed | Guidelines for the Operation of Public-Private Partnership (trial) | Government and social capital cooperation project value for money assessment guidelines |
Indonesia | No specific methodology developed | The Presidential Regulation No. 38 of 2015; The Ministry of National Development Planning/National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) Regulation No. 4 of 2015; The Government Goods and Services Procurement Policy (LKPP) Regulation No. 19 of 2015 | No |
Brazil | No specific methodology developed | The General Law for Public-Private Partnerships | Public-Private Partnership in Roads and Highways (P3 Toolkit, 2013 |
India | Specific methodology developed | General Financial Rules; Model RFQ (Request for quote) and RFP (Request for proposal); Model concession agreements; | PPP Structuring Toolkit |
UK | Specific methodology developed | Public procurement law | Value for money assessment guidance; Assessing value for money; CIPFA Toolkit |
France | Specific methodology developed | PPP and concession law (two regimes) | MAPPP guidance template for the Preliminary Assessment; Reference guide for a financial model for the Preliminary Assessment |
USA | Specific methodology developed | Different PPP laws in different states | Value for money analysis for P3s; P3-VALUE Analytical Tool |
Chile | No specific methodology developed | Concessions Law and regulations | No |
South Africa | Specific methodology developed | National Treasury PPP Practice Note | Public-Private Partnership Manual, South Africa |
Canada | Specific methodology developed | P3s guidance for public sponsors | PPP public sector value for money guidance |
Australia | Specific methodology developed | National PPP Policy Framework | Value for money guidance |
Indicators | Description |
---|---|
Whole project lifecycle integration | The extent of the contract that contains design-build, financing, and operation demands. |
Performance outputs | Whether clear requirements and benchmarking are provided during the project monitor process. |
Soft Services | Facilities management related to the day-to-day supporting services required in the operation of assets. |
Potential competition | The competitive strength between social capitals and whether to apply a proper measurement to promote. |
The political and legal environment | Current policy and regulations that limit PPP applications. |
Operational flexibility | Various dimensions, including product flexibility, volume flexibility, and delayed differentiation. |
Equity, efficiency, and accountability | The viability of project finance equity, efficiency, and accountability. |
Risk management | The extent of risk identification and allocation that progressed in the initial project stage. |
Innovation | Whether the project outputs provide social opportunities and benefits. |
Contract and assets Duration | The expected period of service that the assets could provide in the project lifecycle. |
Asset classification | The amount of project asset class in the PPP project. |
Project scale | The amount of investment and asset value that fit in the PPP applications. |
Incentives and Monitoring | The process measures the service based on the agreed standard. |
The whole Lifecycle costs | The strategy, accuracy, and requirements of the integrated lifecycle cost. |
Market Interest | The sufficient market appetite for the projects; evidence that indicates market failure and abuse. |
Finance feasibility | The expectation of project attraction towards credit and bond markets. |
Efficient Procurement | Procurement process that sustains the market interest. |
Authority Resources | The public ideology of PPP, and the evaluation based on authority abilities. |
Risk Event | Risk Consequences | Risk Probability | Cost |
---|---|---|---|
Risk Event 1 | Cost-saving 5% | 0.7 | Cost overrun 5% |
Risk Event 2 | Cost overrun 5% | 0.8 | |
Risk Event 3 | Cost overrun 10% | 0.3 | |
Risk Event 4 | Cost overrun 15% | 0.1 |
BIM-Related Research Articles on the Qualitative Aspects | Number |
---|---|
Documentation management | 4 |
Quality control in facility management | 13 |
Quality performance improvement | 35 |
Contract and process management | 5 |
Quality control in construction | 24 |
Quality control in procurement strategy | 7 |
Risk management | 30 |
BIM-Related Research Articles on the Cost-Based Quantitative Aspects | |
Data analysis for cost estimation | 11 |
Integration with the design stage for cost efficiency | 14 |
The relation between cost and other performance | 16 |
The cost management scheme | 17 |
Cost for lifecycle assessment | 15 |
Construction cost estimation | 24 |
Stages | VfM Assessment Contents | BIM Functions | Tools/Carriers |
---|---|---|---|
Screen | VfM methodology | Information formatting | dPOW; OIR(Organization information requirement) |
Structure and Appraise | VfM qualitative assessment (Whole project lifecycle integration; Operation flexibility Risk management; Contract and assets Duration; Incentives and Monitoring; Market interest; Efficient procurement) | Compliance checking; Semantic BIM approach; Documentation Query; Information exchange; Model simulation; | Projectwise InfraWorks 360 BIM 360™; Viewpoint The semantic approach aligns with BIM |
VfM Quantitative assessment (PSC) Facility management costs, Construction costs, Operation costs, Transportation costs, Human resource costs, Risk-related costs, and Other costs | Cost analysis; Quantities take-off | Five Dimension BIM tools; PEP Solibri; CostX®; The semantic approach aligns with BIM |
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Share and Cite
Ren, G.; Li, H.; Zhang, J. A BIM-Based Value for Money Assessment in Public-Private Partnership: An Overall Review. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 6483. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186483
Ren G, Li H, Zhang J. A BIM-Based Value for Money Assessment in Public-Private Partnership: An Overall Review. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(18):6483. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186483
Chicago/Turabian StyleRen, Guoqian, Haijiang Li, and Jisong Zhang. 2020. "A BIM-Based Value for Money Assessment in Public-Private Partnership: An Overall Review" Applied Sciences 10, no. 18: 6483. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186483