Experimental Analysis and Design of 3D-Printed Polymer Elliptical Tubes in Compression
Abstract
:Featured Application
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Material Testing
2.1. Tensile Testing
2.2. Compression Testing
2.3. Poisson’s Ratio in Compression
3. Full-Scale Testing
3.1. Elliptical Tube Geometry
3.2. Fabrication and Precision
3.3. Test Methodology
3.4. Results
3.4.1. Load–End Shortening Relationships
3.4.2. Failure and Deformation Modes
3.4.3. Longitudinal Strains
4. Design Method
4.1. Local Buckling of Elliptical Sections
4.2. Design Method for Slender Elliptical Tubes in Compression
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Strength (N/mm2) | Elastic Modulus (N/mm2) | Density (kg/m3) | Normalised Strength-to-Weight Ratio (km) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ultimaker PLA [6] | 50 | 2350 | 1248 | 4.08 |
MCPP ABSX [7] | 39 | 1980 | 1030 | 3.86 |
S275 steel | 275 | 210,000 | 7850 | 3.57 |
S355 steel | 355 | 210,000 | 7850 | 4.61 |
C40 concrete | 40 | 32,100 | 2400 | 1.70 |
C24 timber | 24 | 10,800 | 550 | 4.45 |
Specimen | bt,1 | bt,2 | COV(bt,1) | COV(bt,2) | Et | σu,t | εu,t | εf,t |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mm) | (mm) | (%) | (%) | (N/mm2) | (N/mm2) | (%) | (%) | |
PLA | ||||||||
T01-PLA-X-1 | 9.92 | 4.20 | 0.94 | 6.03 | 2774 | 40.7 | 1.48 | 1.48 |
T02-PLA-X-2 | 9.95 | 4.20 | 0.59 | 6.23 | 2795 | 51.5 | 1.88 | 1.88 |
T03-PLA-X-3 | 9.91 | 4.18 | 1.07 | 5.53 | 2834 | 53.1 | 2.10 | 2.13 |
T04-PLA-Y-1 | 10.91 | 3.98 | 11.11 | 1.30 | 3089 | 53.4 | 1.93 | 1.93 |
T05-PLA-Y-2 | 10.87 | 3.98 | 10.62 | 1.17 | 3213 | 50.6 | 1.76 | 1.76 |
T06-PLA-Y-3 | 10.90 | 3.98 | 11.03 | 1.16 | 3231 | 53.9 | 1.90 | 1.91 |
T07-PLA-Z-1 | 10.35 | 4.35 | 4.33 | 10.84 | 3069 | 37.6 | 1.33 | 1.33 |
T08-PLA-Z-2 | 10.38 | 4.40 | 4.62 | 12.15 | 3106 | 46.2 | 1.87 | 1.87 |
T09-PLA-Z-3 | 10.33 | 4.36 | 4.08 | 11.03 | 2968 | 44.9 | 1.76 | 1.76 |
ABS | ||||||||
T10-ABS-X-1 | 10.13 | 4.19 | 1.69 | 5.96 | 1692 | 31.1 | 2.38 | 2.90 |
T11-ABS-X-2 | 9.85 | 4.16 | 1.88 | 4.85 | 1772 | 32.1 | 2.32 | 2.49 |
T12-ABS-X-3 | 9.86 | 4.17 | 1.76 | 5.23 | 1770 | 31.9 | 2.33 | 2.66 |
T13-ABS-Y-1 | 10.54 | 3.96 | 6.57 | 1.25 | 1739 | 34.0 | 2.38 | 2.40 |
T14-ABS-Y-2 | 10.53 | 3.98 | 6.49 | 0.79 | 1737 | 33.6 | 2.34 | 2.35 |
T15-ABS-Y-3 | 10.59 | 4.01 | 7.27 | 0.43 | 1734 | 33.0 | 2.30 | 2.32 |
T16-ABS-Z-1 | 10.09 | 4.08 | 1.42 | 2.88 | 1866 | 15.4 | 0.92 | 0.92 |
T17-ABS-Z-2 | 10.09 | 4.07 | 1.22 | 2.59 | 1599 | 17.4 | 1.13 | 1.16 |
T18-ABS-Z-3 | 9.93 | 4.16 | 1.21 | 4.86 | 1684 | 18.0 | 1.17 | 1.17 |
Material Orientation | COV(bt,1) | COV(bt,2) | Et | COV(Et) | σu,t | COV(σt) | εu,t | εf,t |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(%) | (%) | (N/mm2) | (%) | (N/mm2) | (%) | (%) | (%) | |
PLA | ||||||||
X orientation | 0.77 | 5.14 | 2801 | 0.98 | 48.4 | 13.9 | 1.82 | 1.83 |
Y orientation | 9.46 | 1.05 | 3178 | 2.43 | 52.6 | 3.38 | 1.87 | 1.87 |
Z orientation | 3.77 | 9.83 | 3048 | 2.34 | 42.9 | 10.81 | 1.65 | 1.65 |
ABS | ||||||||
X orientation | 1.54 | 4.65 | 1745 | 2.61 | 31.7 | 1.67 | 2.34 | 2.68 |
Y orientation | 5.88 | 0.77 | 1737 | 0.14 | 33.5 | 1.50 | 2.34 | 2.36 |
Z orientation | 1.12 | 3.11 | 1716 | 7.95 | 17.0 | 8.04 | 1.07 | 1.08 |
Specimen | bc,1 | bc,2 | COV(bc,1) | COV(bc,2) | Ec | σp1%,c | σu,c | εu,c |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mm) | (mm) | (%) | (%) | (N/mm2) | (N/mm2) | (N/mm2) | (%) | |
PLA batch 1 | ||||||||
C01-PLA1-X-1 | 12.84 | 12.56 | 1.32 | 1.32 | 2516 | 58.3 | 58.4 | 3.53 |
C02-PLA1-X-2 | 12.85 | 12.64 | 1.45 | 0.63 | 2675 | 62.0 | 62.1 | 3.76 |
C03-PLA1-X-3 | 12.84 | 12.58 | 1.32 | 1.19 | 2782 | 62.9 | 63.6 | 3.25 |
C04-PLA1-X-4 | 12.93 | 12.60 | 2.46 | 0.93 | 2454 | 59.0 | 59.0 | 3.39 |
C05-PLA1-Z-1 | 13.01 | 12.98 | 2.71 | 2.99 | 2401 | 72.0 | 73.7 | 3.57 |
C06-PLA1-Z-2 | 12.76 | 12.78 | 0.94 | 0.68 | 2699 | 75.1 | 75.1 | 3.57 |
C07-PLA1-Z-3 | 12.72 | 12.73 | 0.33 | 0.30 | 2987 | 76.4 | 76.9 | 3.37 |
PLA batch 2 | ||||||||
C08-PLA2-X-1 | 12.51 | 12.72 | 1.80 | 0.24 | 2715 | 72.5 | 72.9 | 3.61 |
C09-PLA2-X-2 | 12.50 | 12.75 | 1.90 | 0.53 | 2490 | 73.3 | 73.7 | 3.87 |
C10-PLA2-X-3 | 12.48 | 12.74 | 2.16 | 0.45 | 2747 | 72.5 | 73.3 | 3.68 |
C11-PLA2-Z-1 | 12.53 | 12.85 | 1.64 | 1.42 | 3135 | 76.5 | 77.7 | 3.55 |
C12-PLA2-Z-2 | 12.52 | 12.79 | 1.74 | 0.91 | 3108 | 76.1 | 77.4 | 3.59 |
C13-PLA2-Z-3 | 12.56 | 12.84 | 1.39 | 1.42 | 2968 | 73.8 | 74.3 | 3.42 |
ABS | ||||||||
C14-ABS-X-1 | 12.92 | 12.57 | 2.13 | 1.26 | 1301 | 38.5 | - | 4.01 |
C15-ABS-X-2 | 12.89 | 12.70 | 2.04 | 0.06 | 1174 | 37.5 | - | 4.23 |
C16-ABS-X-3 | 12.74 | 12.48 | 0.53 | 2.18 | 1420 | 39.6 | - | 3.83 |
C17-ABS-X-4 | 12.94 | 12.67 | 2.54 | 0.29 | 1060 | 40.1 | - | 4.90 |
C18-ABS-Z-1 | 12.61 | 12.68 | 0.92 | 0.73 | 1411 | 40.7 | 40.8 | 3.80 |
C19-ABS-Z-2 | 12.62 | 12.69 | 0.80 | 0.25 | 1492 | 41.1 | 41.1 | 3.77 |
C20-ABS-Z-3 | 12.62 | 12.59 | 0.87 | 1.12 | 1560 | 41.2 | 41.2 | 3.61 |
C21-ABS-Z-4 | 12.59 | 12.68 | 1.12 | 0.41 | 1559 | 41.5 | 41.5 | 3.62 |
Specimen | COV(bc,1) | COV(bc,2) | Ec | COV(Ec) | σp1%,c | COV(σtp1%c) | σu,c | εu,c |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(%) | (%) | (N/mm2) | (%) | (N/mm2) | (%) | (N/mm2) | (%) | |
PLA batch 1 | ||||||||
X orientation | 1.45 | 0.90 | 2607 | 5.73 | 60.6 | 3.70 | 60.8 | 3.48 |
Z orientation | 1.44 | 1.54 | 2696 | 10.87 | 74.5 | 3.03 | 75.2 | 3.51 |
PLA batch 2 | ||||||||
X orientation | 1.70 | 0.37 | 2651 | 5.28 | 72.8 | 0.63 | 73.3 | 3.72 |
Z orientation | 0.82 | 1.12 | 3070 | 2.92 | 75.5 | 1.93 | 76.5 | 3.52 |
ABS | ||||||||
X orientation | 1.68 | 1.08 | 1239 | 12.58 | 38.9 | 2.98 | - | 4.25 |
Z orientation | 0.80 | 0.61 | 1506 | 4.69 | 41.1 | 0.80 | 41.1 | 3.70 |
Material | ν |
---|---|
PLA | |
X orientation | 0.322 |
Z orientation | 0.325 |
ABS | |
X orientation | 0.341 |
Z orientation | 0.332 |
Specimen | 2a | 2b | a/b | Wall Thickness t | Pm | A | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominal | Average | St. Dev | COV | ||||||
(mm) | (mm) | (mm) | (mm) | (mm) | (%) | (mm) | (mm2) | ||
EHS01-PLA1-100-50-3.0 | 100.14 | 50.01 | 2.0 | 3.00 | 3.17 | 0.11 | 3.48 | 233 | 737 |
EHS02-PLA1-90-60-2.0 | 90.17 | 60.09 | 1.5 | 2.00 | 2.07 | 0.08 | 3.96 | 232 | 478 |
EHS03-PLA1-90-60-2.0 | 90.02 | 60.11 | 1.5 | 2.00 | 2.08 | 0.06 | 2.73 | 232 | 481 |
EHS04-PLA1-90-60-2.0 | 90.06 | 60.08 | 1.5 | 2.00 | 2.04 | 0.09 | 4.35 | 232 | 473 |
EHS05-PLA1-100-50-3.0 | 100.04 | 50.05 | 2.0 | 3.00 | 3.10 | 0.12 | 3.93 | 233 | 721 |
EHS06-PLA1-100-50-1.5 | 100.06 | 50.08 | 2.0 | 1.50 | 1.45 | 0.07 | 5.02 | 238 | 344 |
EHS07-PLA1-105-35-2.0 | 105.13 | 35.07 | 3.0 | 2.00 | 2.02 | 0.10 | 4.73 | 228 | 459 |
EHS08-PLA1-105-35-1.5 | 105.08 | 35.01 | 3.0 | 1.50 | 1.39 | 0.15 | 10.91 | 230 | 344 |
EHS09-PLA2-90-60-1.0 | 90.15 | 59.71 | 1.5 | 1.00 | 1.13 | 0.03 | 2.65 | 234 | 235 |
EHS10-PLA2-90-60-1.5 | 90.02 | 60.09 | 1.5 | 1.50 | 1.60 | 0.05 | 3.21 | 233 | 350 |
EHS11-PLA2-90-60-3.0 | 90.03 | 60.01 | 1.5 | 3.00 | 3.03 | 0.05 | 1.63 | 228 | 686 |
EHS12-PLA2-100-50-1.0 | 100.08 | 50.03 | 2.0 | 1.00 | 1.13 | 0.05 | 4.07 | 238 | 239 |
EHS13-PLA2-100-50-2.0 | 100.06 | 50.01 | 2.0 | 2.00 | 2.26 | 0.07 | 3.16 | 235 | 472 |
EHS14-PLA2-100-50-2.5 | 100.03 | 50.04 | 2.0 | 2.50 | 2.73 | 0.06 | 2.19 | 233 | 586 |
EHS15-PLA2-105-35-1.0 | 105.05 | 35.03 | 3.0 | 1.00 | 1.26 | 0.04 | 3.45 | 230 | 231 |
EHS16-PLA2-105-35-2.5 | 105.07 | 35.01 | 3.0 | 2.50 | 2.72 | 0.05 | 1.94 | 225 | 566 |
EHS17-PLA2-105-35-3.0 | 105.02 | 35.01 | 3.0 | 3.00 | 3.20 | 0.07 | 2.03 | 224 | 675 |
EHS18-ABS-100-50-1.0 | 99.70 | 50.65 | 2.0 | 1.00 | 1.21 | 0.05 | 3.71 | 239 | 239 |
EHS19-ABS-90-60-1.0 | 90.16 | 59.98 | 1.5 | 1.50 | 1.16 | 0.07 | 5.67 | 235 | 235 |
EHS20-ABS-90-60-1.5 | 90.07 | 60.14 | 1.5 | 1.00 | 1.79 | 0.05 | 2.87 | 233 | 464 |
EHS21-ABS-105-35-1.0 | 105.42 | 35.61 | 3.0 | 2.00 | 1.32 | 0.20 | 15.42 | 231 | 231 |
EHS22-ABS-105-35-2.5 | 105.23 | 35.12 | 3.0 | 1.00 | 2.75 | 0.07 | 2.43 | 226 | 566 |
EHS23-ABS-100-50-1.0 | 99.60 | 50.15 | 2.0 | 2.50 | 1.11 | 0.04 | 3.36 | 238 | 239 |
EHS24-ABS-100-50-2.0 | 99.86 | 50.31 | 2.0 | 2.00 | 2.19 | 0.08 | 3.57 | 236 | 472 |
Specimen | a/b | Deq | Deq/tε2 | σcr | σu,exp | ρexp | ρd | Nu,exp | NRd | Nu,exp/NRd | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mm) | (N/mm2) | (N/mm2) | (kN) | (kN) | |||||||
EHS01-PLA1-100-50-3.0 | 2.0 | 201 | 1419 | 51.8 | 36.0 | 1.14 | 0.53 | 0.44 | 26.59 | 21.84 | 1.22 |
EHS02-PLA1-90-60-2.0 | 1.5 | 135 | 1470 | 50.0 | 37.3 | 1.16 | 0.55 | 0.42 | 17.88 | 13.75 | 1.30 |
EHS03-PLA1-90-60-2.0 | 1.5 | 135 | 1456 | 50.5 | 33.7 | 1.16 | 0.50 | 0.43 | 16.23 | 13.94 | 1.16 |
EHS04-PLA1-90-60-2.0 | 1.5 | 135 | 1483 | 49.5 | 34.0 | 1.17 | 0.50 | 0.42 | 16.08 | 13.50 | 1.19 |
EHS05-PLA1-100-50-3.0 | 2.0 | 200 | 1447 | 50.8 | 41.1 | 1.15 | 0.61 | 0.43 | 29.68 | 21.00 | 1.41 |
EHS06-PLA1-100-50-1.5 | 2.0 | 200 | 3096 | 23.7 | 25.4 | 1.69 | 0.38 | 0.23 | 8.76 | 5.34 | 1.64 |
EHS07-PLA1-105-35-2.0 | 3.0 | 315 | 3509 | 20.9 | 17.9 | 1.80 | 0.26 | 0.21 | 8.22 | 6.44 | 1.28 |
EHS08-PLA1-105-35-1.5 | 3.0 | 315 | 5100 | 14.4 | 12.9 | 2.17 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 4.10 | 3.33 | 1.23 |
EHS09-PLA2-90-60-1.0 | 1.5 | 136 | 2440 | 31.0 | 28.3 | 1.50 | 0.41 | 0.28 | 7.50 | 5.12 | 1.46 |
EHS10-PLA2-90-60-1.5 | 1.5 | 135 | 1710 | 44.2 | 42.3 | 1.26 | 0.61 | 0.37 | 15.77 | 9.68 | 1.63 |
EHS11-PLA2-90-60-3.0 | 1.5 | 135 | 904 | 83.6 | 64.2 | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.59 | 44.39 | 28.35 | 1.57 |
EHS12-PLA2-100-50-1.0 | 2.0 | 200 | 3597 | 21.0 | 18.1 | 1.82 | 0.26 | 0.20 | 4.87 | 3.81 | 1.28 |
EHS13-PLA2-100-50-2.0 | 2.0 | 200 | 1797 | 42.0 | 39.0 | 1.29 | 0.56 | 0.36 | 20.73 | 13.25 | 1.57 |
EHS14-PLA2-100-50-2.5 | 2.0 | 200 | 1484 | 50.9 | 49.1 | 1.17 | 0.71 | 0.42 | 31.34 | 18.69 | 1.68 |
EHS15-PLA2-105-35-1.0 | 3.0 | 315 | 5075 | 14.9 | 12.8 | 2.16 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 3.70 | 3.12 | 1.19 |
EHS16-PLA2-105-35-2.5 | 3.0 | 315 | 2352 | 32.1 | 28.1 | 1.47 | 0.40 | 0.29 | 17.23 | 12.23 | 1.41 |
EHS17-PLA2-105-35-3.0 | 3.0 | 315 | 1992 | 37.9 | 34.4 | 1.35 | 0.49 | 0.33 | 24.72 | 16.44 | 1.50 |
EHS18-ABS-100-50-1.0 | 2.0 | 196 | 4413 | 9.44 | 5.28 | 2.00 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 1.53 | 1.89 | 0.80 |
EHS19-ABS-90-60-1.0 | 1.5 | 136 | 3202 | 13.01 | 12.18 | 1.71 | 0.32 | 0.23 | 3.30 | 2.29 | 1.43 |
EHS20-ABS-90-60-1.5 | 1.5 | 135 | 2052 | 20.31 | 17.13 | 1.36 | 0.45 | 0.32 | 7.15 | 5.06 | 1.39 |
EHS21-ABS-105-35-1.0 | 3.0 | 312 | 6434 | 6.48 | 2.13 | 2.42 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.65 | 1.49 | 0.43 |
EHS22-ABS-105-35-2.5 | 3.0 | 315 | 3126 | 13.33 | 8.74 | 1.68 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 5.44 | 5.35 | 1.00 |
EHS23-ABS-100-50-1.0 | 2.0 | 198 | 4846 | 8.60 | 6.79 | 2.10 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 1.80 | 1.61 | 1.11 |
EHS24-ABS-100-50-2.0 | 2.0 | 198 | 2475 | 16.84 | 11.00 | 1.50 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 5.66 | 5.35 | 1.05 |
Material Batch | σc,eff |
---|---|
(N/mm2) | |
PLA batch 1 | 67.7 |
PLA batch 2 | 69.6 |
ABS | 37.8 |
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McCann, F.; Rossi, F.; Sultan, S.D. Experimental Analysis and Design of 3D-Printed Polymer Elliptical Tubes in Compression. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7673. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177673
McCann F, Rossi F, Sultan SD. Experimental Analysis and Design of 3D-Printed Polymer Elliptical Tubes in Compression. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(17):7673. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177673
Chicago/Turabian StyleMcCann, Finian, Federico Rossi, and Shahzada Danyal Sultan. 2024. "Experimental Analysis and Design of 3D-Printed Polymer Elliptical Tubes in Compression" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 7673. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177673