The Influence of Different Polyphenols on the Digestibility of Various Kinds of Starch and the Value of the Estimated Glycemic Index
Abstract
:Featured Application
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Starch–Phenolic Complexes
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Measurement of RDS, SDS, RS, and TS Contents
2.2.2. Calculation of SDI and Estimation of GI
2.3. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Dry Matter Content
3.2. Wheat Starch
3.3. Rice Starch
3.4. Potato Starch
3.5. Maize Starch
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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RDS | SDS | RS | TS | SDI | eGI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wheat starch with the addition of | |||||||
(+)catechin | 5 mg | 99.80 ± 0.0 n | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 99.80 ± 0.0 f,g,h | 100.00 ± 0.0 i,j | 94.60 ± 0.0 j,k,l |
10 mg | 97.65 ± 0.6 i,j,k | 0.80 ± 1.1 b | 0.39 ± 0.6 b,c | 98.84 ± 1.1 f,g,h | 98.80 ± 1.7 g,h | 94.48 ± 2.4 j,k | |
20 mg | 98.92 ± 0.4 l.ł.m,n | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.71 ± 0.1 d,e,f | 99.63 ± 0.3 f,g,h | 99.29 ± 0.1 g,h,I,j | 91.81 ± 1.2 f | |
epigallocatechin gallate | 5 mg | 58.48 ± 0.2 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 58.48 ± 0.2 c | 100.00 ± 0.0 i,j | 72.34 ± 0.0 c |
10 mg | 37.41 ± 0.7 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 37.41 ± 0.7 b | 100.00 ± 0.0 i,j | 60.56 ± 0.0 b | |
20 mg | 19.49 ± 0.1 a* | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 19.49 ± 0.1 a | 100.00 ± 0.0 i,j | 50.59 ± 0.0 a | |
hesperidin | 5 mg | 93.80 ± 0.0 g | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 96.22 ± 0.0 e | 97.48 ± 0.0 e | 91.87 ± 0.0 f |
10 mg | 95.83 ± 1.1 h | 1.61 ± 0.0 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 99.85 ± 0.0 g,h | 95.97 ± 1.1 d | 94.13 ± 0.2 j,k | |
20 mg | 97.33 ± 0.4 i,j | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 98.96 ± 0.4 f,g,h | 98.36 ± 0.0 f,g | 93.30 ± 0.0 g,h,i,j | |
naringenin | 5 mg | 98.31 ± 0.0 j,k,l,ł,m | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.97 ± 0.0 f | 99.28 ± 0.0 f,g,h | 99.02 ± 0.0 g,h,i | 94.85 ± 0.0 k,l |
10 mg | 99.40 ± 0.0 m,n | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.59 ± 0.0 c,d | 99.99 ± 0.0 h | 99.41 ± 0.0 h,I,j | 93.55 ± 0.0 h,i,j,k | |
20 mg | 98.00 ± 0.0 j,k,l,ł | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.59 ± 0.0 c,d | 98.59 ± 0.0 f | 99.40 ± 0.0 h,I,j | 92.68 ± 0.0 f,g,h,i | |
trans-ferulic acid | 5 mg | 91.92 ± 0.7 f | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 94.22 ± 0.7 d | 97.56 ± 0.0 e,f | 92.12 ± 0.0 f,g |
10 mg | 98.60 ± 0.3 k,l,ł,m | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 98.60 ± 0.3 f | 100.00 ± 0.0 i,j | 94.03 ± 0.0 j,k | |
20 mg | 99.21 ± 0.3 m,n | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 99.21 ± 0.3 f,g,h | 100.00 ± 0.0 i,j | 94.03 ± 0.0 j,k | |
p-coumaric acid | 5 mg | 98.90 ± 0.0 l,ł,m,n | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.68 ± 0.0 d,e | 99.59 ± 0.0 f,g,h | 99.31 ± 0.0 g,h,I,j | 95.75 ± 0.0 l |
10 mg | 98.78 ± 0.0 k,l,ł,m,n | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.76 ± 0.0 d,e,f | 99.54 ± 0.0 f,g,h | 99.23 ± 0.0 g,h,I,j | 93.75 ± 0.0 i,j,k | |
20 mg | 98.99 ± 0.0 ł,m,n | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.76 ± 0.0 d,e,f | 99.75 ± 0.0 f,g,h | 99.23 ± 0.0 g,h,I,j | 93.75 ± 0.0 i,j,k | |
quercetin | 5 mg | 91.40 ± 0.1 f | 7.88 ± 0.0 d | 0.68 ± 0.0 d,e | 99.96 ± 0.1 h | 91.44 ± 0.0 c | 92.12 ± 0.0 f,g |
10 mg | 96.80 ± 1.1 h,i | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.19 ± 0.0 a,b | 96.99 ± 1.1 e | 99.80 ± 0.0 h,I,j | 92.38 ± 0.0 f,g,h | |
20 mg | 94.55 ± 1.0 g | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.38 ± 0.0 b,c | 94.93 ± 1.0 d | 99.60 ± 0.0 h,i,j | 91.53 ± 0.0 f | |
kaempferol | 5 mg | 97.78 ± 0.1 i,j,k,l | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.94 ± 0.0 e,f | 98.72 ± 0.1 f,g | 99.05 ± 0.0 g,h,i,j | 93.75 ± 0.0 i,j,k |
10 mg | 61.57 ± 0.4 d | 30.78 ± 0.2 f | 1.38 ± 0.0 g | 96.74 ± 0.6 e | 63.65 ± 0.0 a | 88.10 ± 0.0 d | |
20 mg | 72.63 ± 0.9 e | 26.27 ± 0.3 e | 0.85 ± 0.0 d,e,f | 99.76 ± 1.2 f,g,h | 72.81 ± 0.0 b | 90.01 ± 0.0 e | |
Wheat starch without the addition of polyphenols | 98.97 ± 0.0 ł,m,n | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.78 ± 0.0 d,e,f | 99.75 ± 0.0 f,g,h | 99.22 ± 0.0 g,h,I,j | 94.67 ± 0.0 k,l |
RDS | SDS | RS | TS | SDI | eGI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wheat starch with the addition of | |||||||
(+)catechin | 5 mg | 95.45 ± 0.4 ł | 0.4 ± 0.6 a,b | 0.68 ± 0.1 c,d | 97.73 ± 0.6 i,j,k | 97.67 ± 0.0 l,ł | 96.88 ± 0.2 t |
10 mg | 93.4 ± 0.3 i | 2.37 ± 1.1 d | 1.75 ± 0.0 i,j | 99.10 ± 1.4 l,ł,m | 94.25 ± 1.1 f | 96.82 ± 0.0 t | |
20 mg | 94.24 ± 0.4 j | 4.79 ± 0.0 f | 0.59 ± 0.7 c | 99.62 ± 0.1 m | 94.6 ± 0.3 f,g | 97.50 ± 0.0 u | |
epigallocatechin gallate | 5 mg | 61.2 ± 0.8 c | 6.28 ± 0.1 g | 0.38 ± 0.0 b | 69.43 ± 0.9 c | 88.15 ± 0.0 d | 77.56 ± 0.0 c |
10 mg | 40.98 ± 0.1 b | 3.94 ± 0.0 e | 1.64 ± 0.9 i | 46.56 ± 0.1 b | 88.01 ± 0.0 d | 64.93 ± 0.0 b | |
20 mg | 26.82 ± 0.1 a* | 6.31 ± 0.0 g | 0.97 ± 0.0 f,g | 34.89 ± 0.1 a | 76.88 ± 0.0 a | 57.90 ± 0.0 a | |
hesperidin | 5 mg | 93.38 ± 0.1 i | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 2.43 ± 1.1 ł | 95.81 ± 0.1 g | 97.46 ± 0.1 k,l,ł | 92.05 ± 0.0 h |
10 mg | 92.45 ± 0.1 h | 1.54 ± 0.0 c | 3.31 ± 0.6 n | 97.29 ± 0.1 i | 95.02 ± 0.0 g | 92.69 ± 0.0 i | |
20 mg | 96.3 ± 0.7 m | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 2.19 ± 0.8 l | 98.49 ± 0.7 k,l,ł | 97.78 ± 0.0 ł | 93.79 ± 0.0 k | |
naringenin | 5 mg | 82.97 ± 0.2 f | 4.15 ± 0.0 e | 2.03 ± 0.1 k | 89.98 ± 0.3 d | 92.21 ± 0.0 e | 88.53 ± 0.0 d |
10 mg | 80.56 ± 0.3 e | 7.47 ± 0.0 h | 0.41 ± 1.1 b | 93.43 ± 0.4 e | 86.23 ± 0.0 c | 89.39 ± 0.0 e | |
20 mg | 78.74 ± 0.1 d | 14.09 ± 0.0 i | 1.83 ± 1.0 j | 94.66 ± 0.1 f | 83.18 ± 0.0 b | 90.12 ± 0.0 f | |
trans-ferulic acid | 5 mg | 94.6 ± 0.4 j,k | 1.72 ± 0.0 c | 0.21 ± 1.1 a | 97.39 ± 0.4 i,j | 97.13 ± 0.0 j,k | 94.06 ± 0.0 ł |
10 mg | 96.73 ± 0.0 m | 0.79 ± 0.0 b | 1.17 ± 0.0 h | 99.48 ± 0.0 m | 97.23 ± 0.0 j,k,l | 95.51 ± 0.0 o | |
20 mg | 89.24 ± 0.0 g | 2.37 ± 0.0 d | 1.65 ± 0.0 i | 93.25 ± 0.0 e | 95.69 ± 0.0 h | 91.89 ± 0.0 g | |
p-coumaric acid | 5 mg | 95.33 ± 0.0 l,ł | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.88 ± 0.0 e,f | 96.21 ± 0.0 g,h | 99.09 ± 0.0 m | 93.94 ± 0.0 l |
10 mg | 96.73 ± 0.0 m | 2.38 ± 0.0 d | 0.87 ± 0.0 e,f | 99.98 ± 0.0 m | 96.75 ± 0.0 i,j | 96.18 ± 0.0 r | |
20 mg | 95.31 ± 0.0 l,ł | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.93 ± 0.0 f,g | 96.25 ± 0.0 g,h | 99.03 ± 0.0 m | 96.65 ± 0.0 s | |
quercetin | 5 mg | 94.92 ± 0.3 k,l,ł | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 3.33 ± 0.0 n | 98.24 ± 0.3 j,k,l | 96.62 ± 0.0 i | 93.41 ± 0.0 j |
10 mg | 96.52 ± 0,1 m | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 2.7 ± 0.0 m | 99.21 ± 0.1 ł,m | 97.28 ± 0.0 k,l,ł | 94.36 ± 0.0 m | |
20 mg | 94.73 ± 0.0 j,k,l | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 2.18 ± 0.0 l | 96.9 ± 0.0 h,i | 97.7 ± 0.05 ł | 93.41 ± 0.0 j | |
kaempferol | 5 mg | 98.7 ± 0.0 n | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 1.17 ± 0.0 h | 99.88 ± 0.0 m | 98.83 ± 0.0 m | 95.75 ± 0.0 p |
10 mg | 93.37 ± 0.0 i | 1.58 ± 0.0 c | 0.97 ± 0.0 f,g | 97.50 ± 0.0 i,j | 95.76 ± 0.0 h | 94.06 ± 0.0 ł | |
20 mg | 96.16 ± 0.0 m | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 1.06 ± 0.0 g,h | 99.37 ± 0.0 ł,m | 96.76 ± 0.0 i,j | 95.55 ± 0.0 o | |
Wheat starch without the addition of polyphenols | 98.97 ± 0.0 n | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.78 ± 0.0 d,e | 99.75 ± 0.0 m | 99.22 ± 0.0 m | 94.67 ± 0.0 n |
RDS | SDS | RS | TS | SDI | eGI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rice starch with the addition of | |||||||
(+)catechin | 5 mg | 65.56 ± 0.2 h | 30.49 ± 0.1 j | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 99.11 ± 0.3 j,k | 66.15 ± 0.0 f | 91.35 ± 0.0 i |
10 mg | 96.51 ± 0.4 s | 0.85 ± 0.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 98.21 ± 0.4 i | 98.28 ± 0.0 o | 96.07 ± 0.0 p | |
20 mg | 92.12 ± 0.3 o | 1.59 ± 0.0 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 93.71 ± 0.3 f | 98.31 ± 0.0 o | 93.09 ± 0.0 l | |
epigallocatechin gallate | 5 mg | 42.58 ± 0.0 d | 3.15 ± 0.0 d | 0.48 ± 0.0 e | 47.79 ± 0.0 b | 89.09 ± 0.0 j | 65.56 ± 0.0 c |
10 mg | 16.57 ± 0.0 a* | 35.63 ± 0.0 k | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 52.20 ± 0.0 c | 31.75 ± 0.0 a | 64.67 ± 0.0 b | |
20 mg | 27.03 ± 0.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 27.03 ± 0.0 a | 100.0 ± 0.0 t | 55.16 ± 0.0 a | |
hesperidin | 5 mg | 97.37 ± 0.8 t | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.49 ± 0.0 e | 99.45 ± 0.9 k,l | 97.90 ± 0.0 n | 94.69 ± 0.0 n |
10 mg | 58.23 ± 0.0 g | 40.76 ± 0.0 l | 0.1 ± 0.0 b | 99.10 ± 0.0 j,k | 58.76 ± 0.0 e | 90.54 ± 0.0 h | |
20 mg | 95.67 ± 0.0 r | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.2 ± 0.0 c | 95.87 ± 0.0 h | 99.80 ± 0.0 s,t | 94.24 ± 0.0 m | |
naringenin | 5 mg | 70.41 ± 0.2 j | 22.96 ± 0.1 h | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 93.37 ± 0.3 e,f | 75.41 ± 0.0 h | 90.05 ± 0.0 g |
10 mg | 86.44 ± 0.2 l | 3.39 ± 0.0 e | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 94.91 ± 0.3 g | 91.07 ± 0.0 k | 92.08 ± 0.0 k | |
20 mg | 88.44 ± 0.0 m | 5.63 ± 0.0 f | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 94.06 ± 0.0 f | 94.02 ± 0.0 ł | 93.18 ± 0.0 l | |
trans-ferulic acid | 5 mg | 91.65 ± 0.0 o | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.39 ± 0.0 d | 92.04 ± 0.0 d | 99.58 ± 0.0 r,s | 91.65 ± 0.0 j |
10 mg | 41.60 ± 0.0 c | 58.23 ± 0.0 n | 0.1 ± 0.0 b | 99.93 ± 0.0 l | 41.62 ± 0.0 b | 88.06 ± 0.0 d | |
20 mg | 87.69 ± 0.1 ł | 5.63 ± 0.0 f | 0.39 ± 0.0 d | 93.71 ± 0.1 f | 93.57 ± 0.0 l | 91.71 ± 0.0 j | |
p-coumaric acid | 5 mg | 92.92 ± 0.6 p | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 92.92 ± 0.6 e | 100.0 ± 0.0 t | 93.50 ± 0.0 ł |
10 mg | 48.40 ± 0.0 e | 48.40 ± 0.0 m | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 98.50 ± 0.0 I,j | 49.14 ± 0.0 c | 88.60 ± 0.0 e | |
20 mg | 97.44 ± 0.0 t | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.50 ± 0.0 e | 99.56 ± 0.0 k,l | 97.87 ± 0.5 n | 95.43 ± 0.0 o | |
quercetin | 5 mg | 99.27 ± 1.0 u | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.78 ± 0.1 g | 99.76 ± 0.5 k,l | 99.51 ± 0.5 r | 95.68 ± 0.6 o |
10 mg | 51.58 ± 0.0 f | 48.25 ± 0.0 ł | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 99.83 ± 0.0 k,l | 51.67 ± 0.0 d | 89.55 ± 0.0 f | |
20 mg | 90.35 ± 0.0 n | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.58 ± 0.0 f | 94.10 ± 0.0 f | 96.01 ± 0.0 m | 92.23 ± 0.0 k | |
kaempferol | 5 mg | 66.96 ± 0.7 i | 25.87 ± 0.3 i | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 92.83 ± 1.0 e | 72.13 ± 0.0 g | 89.59 ± 0.0 f |
10 mg | 74.21 ± 0.3 k | 13.49 ± 0.1 g | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 93.61 ± 0.4 e,f | 79.28 ± 0.0 i | 89.96 ± 0.0 g | |
20 mg | 99.19 ± 0.0 u | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 99.19 ± 0.0 j,k,l | 100.0 ± 0.0 t | 96.74 ± 0.0 r | |
Rice starch without the addition of polyphenols | 98.91 ± 0.0 u | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.95 ± 0.0 h | 99.85 ± 0.0 k,l | 99.05 ± 0.0 p | 95.64 ± 0.0 o |
RDS | SDS | RS | TS | SDI | eGI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rice starch with the addition of | |||||||
(+)catechin | 5 mg | 95.15 ± 0.0 j | 3.17 ± 0.0 e | 0.58 ± 0.0 e | 98.91 ± 0.0 h | 98.19 ± 0.0 h | 95.17 ± 0.0 l |
10 mg | 98.73 ± 0.0 ł,m | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.98 ± 0.0 i | 99.70 ± 0.0 j,k | 99.02 ± 0.0 I,j | 94.88 ± 0.0 k | |
20 mg | 92.12 ± 0.0 i | 0.85 ± 0.0 b | 1.04 ± 0.0 j | 98.23 ± 0.0 g | 93.78 ± 0.0 g | 93.62 ± 0.0 i | |
epigallocatechin gallate | 5 mg | 65.21 ± 0.4 d | 1.59 ± 0.0 c | 0.20 ± 0.0 b | 70.97 ± 0.4 c | 91.88 ± 0.0 f | 78.46 ± 0.0 c |
10 mg | 34.40 ± 0.2 b | 10.55 ± 0.5 j | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 46.51 ± 0.2 b | 73.95 ± 0.9 b | 64.02 ± 0.0 b | |
20 mg | 30.86 ± 0.0 a* | 0.83 ± 0.0 b | 0.61 ± 0.0 f | 33.97 ± 0.0 a | 90.83 ± 0.0 e | 57.98 ± 0.0 a | |
hesperidin | 5 mg | 98.81 ± 0.3 ł,m,n | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.20 ± 0.0 b | 99.01 ± 0.3 h,i | 99.80 ± 0.0 j,k,l | 95.69 ± 0.0 n |
10 mg | 98.97 ± 0.8 ł,m,n | 1.94 ± 0.5 d | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 99.74 ± 0.1 j,k | 99.22 ± 1.1 I,j,k | 96.79 ± 0.0 w | |
20 mg | 92.48 ± 0.1 i | 4.95 ± 0.0 g | 0.61 ± 0.0 f | 98.04 ± 0.1 g | 94.33 ± 0.0 g | 94.56 ± 0.0 | |
naringenin | 5 mg | 99.10 ± 0.0 n | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.39 ± 0.0 c | 99.90 ± 0.0 j,k | 99.61 ± 0.0 j,k,l | 96.54 ± 0.0 t |
10 mg | 99.30 ± 0.0 m,n | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.77 ± 0.0 g | 100.00 ± 0.0 k | 99.30 ± 0.0 I,j,k,l | 96.66 ± 0.0 u | |
20 mg | 99.43 ± 0.4 m,n | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 99.43 ± 0.4 h,I,j,k | 100.00 ± 0.0 l | 96.34 ± 0.0 r | |
trans-ferulic acid | 5 mg | 97.51 ± 0.7 k | 1.60 ± 0.0 c | 0.20 ± 0.0 b | 99.31 ± 0.7 h,I,j | 98.19 ± 0.0 h | 95.46 ± 0.0 ł |
10 mg | 82.45 ± 0.5 g | 6.25 ± 0.0 h | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 94.49 ± 0.0 f | 87.25 ± 0.5 d | 90.43 ± 0.0 h | |
20 mg | 87.96 ± 0.5 h | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.41 ± 0.0 d | 89.20 ± 0.5 e | 98.61 ± 0.0 i | 90.01 ± 0.0 g | |
p-coumaric acid | 5 mg | 97.93 ± 0.0 k,l | 1.58 ± 0.0 c | 0.39 ± 0.0 c | 99.90 ± 0.0 j,k | 98.03 ± 0.0 h | 96.31 ± 0.0 p |
10 mg | 77.98 ± 0.0 f | 8.04 ± 0.0 i | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 86.02 ± 0.0 d | 90.65 ± 0.0 e | 88.33 ± 0.0 e | |
20 mg | 99.38 ± 0.4 m,n | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 99.38 ± 0.4 h,I,j | 100.00 ± 0.0 l | 96.34 ± 0.0 r | |
quercetin | 5 mg | 98.51 ± 0.1 l,ł | 0.79 ± 0.0 b | 0.19 ± 0.0 b | 99.50 ± 0.1 h,I,j,k | 99.01 ± 0.0 I,j | 96.36 ± 0.0 s |
10 mg | 59.89 ± 0.2 c | 31.89 ± 0.1 k | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 99.56 ± 0.3 I,j,k | 60.16 ± 0.3 a | 88.86 ± 0.0 f | |
20 mg | 98.85 ± 0.1 ł,m,n | 0.83 ± 0.5 b | 0.61 ± 0.0 f | 99.46 ± 0.1 h,I,j,k | 99.39 ± 0.0 j,k,l | 96.24 ± 0.0 o | |
kaempferol | 5 mg | 97.84 ± 0.1 k | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.39 ± 0.0 c | 98.22 ± 0.1 g | 99.61 ± 0.0 j,k,l | 95.64 ± 0.0 m |
10 mg | 99.50 ± 0.0 n | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.77 ± 0.0 g | 100.00 ± 0.0 k | 99.50 ± 0.0 j,k,l | 96.66 ± 0.0 u | |
20 mg | 71.84 ± 0.0 e | 4.04 ± 0.0 f | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 85.56 ± 0.0 d | 83.96 ± 0.0 c | 84.76 ± 0.0 d | |
Rice starch without the addition of polyphenols | 98.91 ± 0.0 ł,m,n | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.95 ± 0.0 h | 99.85 ± 0.0 j,k | 99.05 ± 0.0 I,j | 95.64 ± 0.0 m |
RDS | SDS | RS | TS | SDI | eGI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Potato starch with the addition of | |||||||
(+)catechin | 5 mg | 90.85 ± 0.0 j | 4.02 ± 0.0 e | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 97.28 ± 0.0 g | 93.39 ± 0.0 i | 94.38 ± 0.0 l |
10 mg | 96.22 ± 1.2 ł | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.84 ± 0.0 g | 98.59 ± 1.2 i | 97.60 ± 0.0 l,ł | 95.06 ± 0.0 p | |
20 mg | 91.09 ± 0.0 j | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 1.86 ± 0.0 l | 93.71 ± 0.0 e | 97.20 ± 0.0 l | 93.25 ± 0.0 j | |
epigallocatechin gallate | 5 mg | 44.53 ± 0.2 c | 15.90 ± 0.1 i | 0.54 ± 0.1 d | 60.96 ± 0.4 c | 73.04 ± 0.1 d | 72.18 ± 0.0 c |
10 mg | 21.17 ± 0.6 b | 29.16 ± 0.6 j | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 51.12 ± 0.0 b | 41.41 ± 1.1 a | 64.87 ± 0.0 b | |
20 mg | 16.93 ± 0.0 a* | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.85 ± 0.0 g | 17.78 ± 0.0 a | 95.22 ± 0.0 j | 49.46 ± 0.0 a | |
hesperidin | 5 mg | 97.07 ± 0.3 m | 0.38 ± 0.5 a | 2.15 ± 0.0 ł | 99.60 ± 0.8 j | 97.46 ± 0.5 l,ł | 95.59 ± 0.0 s |
10 mg | 95.86 ± 0.0 ł | 1.60 ± 0.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 97.45 ± 0.0 g,h | 98.36 ± 0.0 m,n | 96.23 ± 0.0 w | |
20 mg | 64.29 ± 0.0 e | 32.89 ± 0.5 k | 1.18 ± 0.0 i | 98.73 ± 0.0 i | 65.12 ± 0.0 c | 91.22 ± 0.0 g | |
naringenin | 5 mg | 84.95 ± 0.0 h | 12.02 ± 0.0 h | 0.20 ± 0.0 b | 97.16 ± 0.0 g | 87.43 ± 0.0 g | 93.76 ± 0.0 k |
10 mg | 96.12 ± 0.0 ł | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.74 ± 0.0 f | 97.61 ± 0.0 g,h | 98.48 ± 0.0 m,n | 95.93 ± 0.0 t | |
20 mg | 95.85 ± 1.0 ł | 2.26 ± 0.0 c | 0.56 ± 0.0 d | 98.67 ± 1.1 i | 97.14 ± 0.0 l | 97.10 ± 0.0 y | |
trans-ferulic acid | 5 mg | 94.42 ± 0.0 k | 3.02 ± 0.0 d | 0.93 ± 0.0 h | 98.37 ± 0.0 h,i | 95.99 ± 0.0 k | 96.00 ± 0.0 u |
10 mg | 90.71 ± 0.0 j | 3.18 ± 0.0 d | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 95.49 ± 0.0 f | 95.00 ± 0.0 j | 94.49 ± 0.0 ł | |
20 mg | 79.81 ± 0.0 g | 11.82 ± 0.0 h | 1.45 ± 0.0 k | 93.09 ± 0.0 e | 85.74 ± 0.0 f | 90.92 ± 0.0 f | |
p-coumaric acid | 5 mg | 89.58 ± 0.0 i | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.29 ± 0.0 c | 91.44 ± 0.0 d | 97.97 ± 0.0 ł,m | 92.36 ± 0.0 h |
10 mg | 98.48 ± 0.3 n | 1.59 ± 0.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 99.94 ± 0.1 j | 98.54 ± 0.2 n | 98.09 ± 0.0 z | |
20 mg | 94.86 ± 0.8 k,l | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.84 ± 0.0 g | 95.71 ± 0.8 f | 99.12 ± 0.0 o | 94.68 ± 0.0 n | |
quercetin | 5 mg | 76.25 ± 0.1 f | 11.13 ± 0.0 g | 1.36 ± 0.0 j | 92.01 ± 0.0 d | 82.88 ± 0.1 e | 89.21 ± 0.0 e |
10 mg | 89.37 ± 0.0 i | 7.97 ± 0.0 f | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 97.27 ± 0.0 g | 91.88 ± 0.0 h | 95.26 ± 0.0 r | |
20 mg | 45.82 ± 0.0 d | 48.77 ± 0.0 l | 0.63 ± 0.0 e | 95.23 ± 0.0 f | 48.11 ± 0.0 b | 87.05 ± 0.0 d | |
kaempferol | 5 mg | 89.40 ± 0.0 i | 1.60 ± 0.0 b | 0.20 ± 0.0 b | 97.58 ± 0.0 g,h | 91.62 ± 0.0 h | 93.20 ± 0.0 i |
10 mg | 95.35 ± 0.0 l,ł | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.93 ± 0.0 h | 100.00 ± 0.0 j | 95.35 ± 0.0 j | 94.87 ± 0.0 o | |
20 mg | 97.26 ± 0.1 m | 1.52 ± 0.0 b | 0.65 ± 0.0 e | 98.67 ± 0.1 i | 98.57 ± 0.0 n | 97.10 ± 0.0 y | |
Potato starch without the addition of polyphenols | 91.39 ± 0.0 j | 2.45 ± 0.0 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 97.62 ± 0.0 g,h,i | 93.33 ± 0.0 i | 94.55 ± 0.0 m |
RDS | SDS | RS | TS | SDI | eGI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Potato starch with the addition of | |||||||
(+)catechin | 5 mg | 96.27 ± 0.3 y | 2.51 ± 0.0 b | 0.82 ± 0.0 b | 99.60 ± 0.3 ł,m | 98.65 ± 0.0 u | 96.93 ± 0.0 p |
10 mg | 39.18 ± 0.0 g | 56.08 ± 0.0 n | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 99.86 ± 0.0 m | 39.23 ± 0.0 d | 87.39 ± 0.0 h,i | |
20 mg | 57.85 ± 0.2 m | 38.57 ± 0.1 h | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 96.42 ± 0.3 g | 60.00 ± 0.0 l | 89.56 ± 0.0 l | |
epigallocatechin gallate | 5 mg | 44.76 ± 0.3 i | 15.99 ± 0.1 f | 0.10 ± 0.1 a | 24.13 ± 0.5 a | 69.89 ± 0.2 m | 72.86 ± 0.0 c |
10 mg | 22.66 ± 0.1 b | 14.84 ± 0.1 e | 5.46 ± 0.0 g | 49.99 ± 0.2 b | 45.32 ± 0.0 f | 61.11 ± 0.0 b | |
20 mg | 16.41 ± 0.1 a* | 6.76 ± 0.0 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 64.04 ± 0.1 c | 68.00 ± 0.0 ł | 52.65 ± 0.0 a | |
hesperidin | 5 mg | 76.50 ± 0.1 r | 15.94 ± 0.0 f | 1.17 ± 0.0 c | 94.41 ± 0.1 d,e | 81.03 ± 0.0 o | 90.78 ± 0.0 m |
10 mg | 43.97 ± 0.2 h | 20.81 ± 1.8 g | 1.16 ± 0.0 c | 98.51 ± 0.5 k,l | 44.63 ± 0.0 e | 81.40 ± 0.2 d | |
20 mg | 38.34 ± 0.0 f | 58.35 ± 0.0 o | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 96.69 ± 0.0 g,h | 39.66 ± 0.0 d | 86.16 ± 0.0 f | |
naringenin | 5 mg | 98.16 ± 0.1 z | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.83 ± 0.0 b | 98.99 ± 0.1 l,ł | 99.16 ± 0.0 w | 96.21 ± 0.0 p |
10 mg | 26.83 ± 0.1 c | 66.70 ± 0.4 r | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 96.60 ± 0.5 g,h | 27.78 ± 0.0 a | 84.54 ± 0.0 e | |
20 mg | 50.95 ± 0.1 k | 40.38 ± 0.1 l | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 96.61 ± 0.5 g,h | 52.74 ± 0.2 i | 89.03 ± 1.0 k,l | |
trans-ferulic acid | 5 mg | 67.40 ± 0.4 n | 24.87 ± 0.1 i | 1.62 ± 0.1 d | 93.90 ± 0.5 d | 71.79 ± 0.8 n | 88.65 ± 0.5 j,k |
10 mg | 80.08 ± 0.0 s | 15.70 ± 0.0 e,f | 1.64 ± 0.0 d | 97.42 ± 0.0 I,j | 82.20 ± 0.0 p | 92.58 ± 0.0 n | |
20 mg | 90.50 ± 0.1 u | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.82 ± 0.0 b | 98.02 ± 0.1 j,k | 92.32 ± 0.0 s | 93.84 ± 0.0 o | |
p-coumaric acid | 5 mg | 81.74 ± 0.6 t | 12.28 ± 0.6 j | 0.83 ± 0.0 b | 95.70 ± 0.0 j | 85.41 ± 0.6 r | 93.65 ± 1.6 o |
10 mg | 43.62 ± 0.0 h | 51.27 ± 0.0 m | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 94.88 ± 0.0 e | 45.97 ± 0.0 g | 87.04 ± 0.0 g,h | |
20 mg | 48.16 ± 0.1 j | 46.23 ± 0.1 ł | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 98.25 ± 0.1 k | 49.02 ± 0.0 h | 88.15 ± 0.0 I,j | |
quercetin | 5 mg | 68.92 ± 0.0 p | 23.84 ± 0.0 h | 2.14 ± 0.0 e | 99.09 ± 0.6 h,i | 72.02 ± 0.4 n | 90.50 ± 0.0 ł,m |
10 mg | 51.57 ± 0.4 l | 39.07 ± 0.3 k | 2.68 ± 0.5 f | 99.56 ± 0.1 ł,m | 51.79 ± 0.3 i | 87.78 ± 0.0 h,i | |
20 mg | 35.01 ± 0.0 e | 63.35 ± 0.0 p | 0.72 ± 0.0 b | 99.08 ± 0.0 l,ł | 35.34 ± 0.0 c | 86.36 ± 0.0 f,g | |
kaempferol | 5 mg | 69.32 ± 0.0 o | 26.73 ± 0.0 h | 0.20 ± 0.0 a | 96.26 ± 0.0 f,g | 72.02 ± 0.0 n | 90.81 ± 0.0 m |
10 mg | 29.25 ± 0.1 d | 66.19 ± 0.2 r | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 99.29 ± 0.3 l,ł | 29.46 ± 0.0 b | 85.77 ± 0.0 f | |
20 mg | 55.01 ± 0.1 ł | 40.53 ± 0.1 l | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 98.44 ± 0.1 k,l | 55.88 ± 0.0 k | 89.70 ± 0.0 l,ł | |
Potato starch without the addition of polyphenols | 91.39 ± 0.0 w | 2.45 ± 0.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 97.92 ± 0.0 j,k | 93.33 ± 0.0 t | 94.49 ± 0.0 o |
RDS | SDS | RS | TS | SDI | eGI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maize starch with the addition of | |||||||
(+)catechin | 5 mg | 83.27 ± 0.0 f | 12.88 ± 0.0 ł | 0.21 ± 0.0 b | 96.36 ± 0.0 h | 86.42 ± 0.0 b | 92.96 ± 0.0 f |
10 mg | 93.48 ± 0.0 k | 3.07 ± 0.0 f | 2.26 ± 0.0 r | 98.81 ± 0.0 ł,m | 94.62 ± 0.0 i | 94.50 ± 0.0 k | |
20 mg | 97.20 ± 0.0 p | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 1.14 ± 0.0 i | 98.34 ± 0.0 l | 98.85 ± 0.0 o,p | 95.66 ± 0.0 o | |
epigallocatechin gallate | 5 mg | 41.78 ± 0.2 a* | 16.20 ± 0.1 m | 0.21 ± 0.0 b | 65.01 ± 0.3 c | 64.27 ± 0.0 a | 72.36 ± 0.0 c |
10 mg | 51.75 ± 0.1 c | 2.39 ± 0.0 e | 0.88 ± 0.0 g | 58.21 ± 0.1 b | 88.91 ± 0.0 d | 71.03 ± 0.0 b | |
20 mg | 45.01 ± 0.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 1.71 ± 0.0 ł | 46.72 ± 0.0 a | 96.33 ± 0.0 j | 65.47 ± 0.0 a | |
hesperidin | 5 mg | 81.93 ± 0.0 e | 7.68 ± 0.0 i | 0.63 ± 0.0 e | 90.24 ± 0.0 e | 90.79 ± 0.0 f | 90.53 ± 0.0 e |
10 mg | 95.59 ± 0.0 ł | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 1.88 ± 0.0 n | 97.47 ± 0.0 j | 98.08 ± 0.0 m,n | 94.96 ± 0.0 ł | |
20 mg | 97.97 ± 0.0 s | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.86 ± 0.0 f | 98.83 ± 0.0 ł,m | 99.13 ± 0.0 p | 95.66 ± 0.0 o | |
naringenin | 5 mg | 96.17 ± 0.0 m | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 2.25 ± 0.0 p | 98.42 ± 0.0 l | 97.72 ± 0.0 l,ł | 94.96 ± 0.0 ł |
10 mg | 89.44 ± 0.1 h | 8.71 ± 0.0 k | 0.29 ± 0.0 c | 98.43 ± 0.1 l | 90.86 ± 0.0 f | 94.77 ± 0.0 l | |
20 mg | 96.26 ± 0.1 m,n | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 3.29 ± 0.0 w | 99.55 ± 0.1 o,p | 96.70 ± 0.0 k | 95.00 ± 0.0 n | |
trans-ferulic acid | 5 mg | 97.57 ± 0.4 r | 0.83 ± 0.0 b | 1.33 ± 0.0 k | 99.74 ± 0.4 p,r | 97.83 ± 0.8 ł,m | 95.90 ± 0.0 p |
10 mg | 90.06 ± 0.3 i | 2.29 ± 0.0 d | 1.97 ± 0.0 o | 95.85 ± 0.3 g | 93.97 ± 0.0 h | 93.09 ± 0.0 g | |
20 mg | 97.97 ± 0.0 s | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.57 ± 0.0 d | 98.83 ± 0.0 ł,m | 99.13 ± 0.0 p | 95.66 ± 0.0 o | |
p-coumaric acid | 5 mg | 97.59 ± 0.0 r | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.95 ± 0.0 h | 98.54 ± 0.0 l,ł | 99.04 ± 0.0 p | 95.66 ± 0.0 o |
10 mg | 97.66 ± 0.3 r | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 1.74 ± 0.0 m | 99.40 ± 0.3 n,o | 98.25 ± 0.0 n | 95.95 ± 0.0 r | |
20 mg | 96.54 ± 0.3 n,o | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 2.52 ± 0.0 t | 99.07 ± 0.3 m,n | 97.45 ± 0.0 l | 95.00 ± 0.0 n | |
quercetin | 5 mg | 75.55 ± 0.2 d | 11.16 ± 0.0 l | 0.21 ± 0.0 b | 86.92 ± 0.2 d | 86.92 ± 0.0 c | 88.05 ± 0.0 d |
10 mg | 93.86 ± 0.0 l | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 1.27 ± 0.0 j | 95.13 ± 0.0 f | 98.67 ± 0.0 o | 93.23 ± 0.0 h | |
20 mg | 88.64 ± 0.0 g | 7.78 ± 0.0 j | 2.67 ± 0.0 u | 99.09 ± 0.0 m,n | 89.46 ± 0.0 e | 93.62 ± 0.0 j | |
kaempferol | 5 mg | 95.59 ± 0.0 ł | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 2.34 ± 0.0 s | 97.94 ± 0.0 k | 97.61 ± 0.0 l,ł | 94.96 ± 0.0 ł |
10 mg | 90.23 ± 0.1 i | 3.17 ± 0.0 g | 0.29 ± 0.0 c | 96.85 ± 0.1 i | 93.16 ± 0.0 g | 93.47 ± 0.0 i | |
20 mg | 93.12 ± 0.0 j | 4.66 ± 0.0 h | 1.52 ± 0.0 l | 99.30 ± 0.0 n,o | 93.78 ± 0.0 h | 94.97 ± 0.0 m | |
Maize starch without the addition of polyphenols | 97.67 ± 0.0 o | 1.64 ± 0.0 c | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 99.94 ± 0.0 r | 96.72 ± 0.0 k | 96.31 ± 0.0 s |
RDS | SDS | RS | TS | SDI | eGI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maize starch with the addition of | |||||||
(+)catechin | 5 mg | 96.52 ± 0.0 n,o | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 1.38 ± 0.0 i | 99.51 ± 0.0 m | 97.00 ± 0.0 k,l | 96.34 ± 0.0 m |
10 mg | 91.29 ± 0.0 j | 7.41 ± 0.0 k | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 98.69 ± 0.0 l,ł | 92.50 ± 0.0 d | 95.20 ± 0.0 l | |
20 mg | 95.24 ± 0.1 ł | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 3.17 ± 0.0 n | 98.41 ± 0.1 l | 96.78 ± 0.0 j,k | 94.19 ± 0.0 j | |
epigallocatechin gallate | 5 mg | 52.13 ± 0.1 c | 6.42 ± 0.0 i | 1.18 ± 0.0 h | 59.73 ± 0.1 c | 87.28 ± 0.0 c | 72.70 ± 0.0 c |
10 mg | 43.18 ± 0.0 b | 0.59 ± 0.0 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 43.77 ± 0.0 b | 98.66 ± 0.0 n | 64.48 ± 0.0 b | |
20 mg | 12.08 ± 0.0 a* | 2.42 ± 0.0 g | 0.49 ± 0.0 b | 15.80 ± 0.0 a | 76.48 ± 0.0 a | 48.13 ± 0.0 a | |
hesperidin | 5 mg | 99.49 ± 0.0 s | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 1.40 ± 0.0 j | 100.00 ± 0.0 p | 99.49 ± 0.0 r | 96.91 ± 0.0 n |
10 mg | 90.47 ± 0.0 i | 6.58 ± 0.0 j | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 97.87 ± 0.0 k | 92.44 ± 0.0 d | 94.63 ± 0.0 k | |
20 mg | 96.16 ± 0.0 n | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 3.38 ± 0.0 o | 99.55 ± 0.0 m,n | 96.60 ± 0.0 j | 95.00 ± 0.0 k,l | |
naringenin | 5 mg | 98.34 ± 0.1 r | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 1.91 ± 0.0 l | 100.00 ± 0.0 p | 98.34 ± 0.1 m | 95.97 ± 0.0 ł,m |
10 mg | 93.26 ± 0.0 l | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.89 ± 0.0 e | 94.15 ± 0.0 h | 99.06 ± 0.0 o,p | 93.22 ± 0.0 h | |
20 mg | 97.76 ± 0.5 p | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 2.08 ± 0.0 ł | 99.84 ± 0.6 n,o | 97.92 ± 0.0 ł | 96.04 ± 0.0 ł,m | |
trans-ferulic acid | 5 mg | 99.46 ± 0.6 s | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 1.51 ± 0.0 k | 100.00 ± 0.0 p | 99.46 ± 0.6 r | 96.91 ± 0.0 n |
10 mg | 76.49 ± 0.0 d | 8.22 ± 0.0 l | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 88.00 ± 0.0 e | 86.92 ± 0.0 b | 88.17 ± 0.0 d | |
20 mg | 96.54 ± 0.0 n,o | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 3.40 ± 0.0 p | 99.94 ± 0.0 o | 96.60 ± 0.0 j | 95.00 ± 0.0 k,l | |
p-coumaric acid | 5 mg | 92.94 ± 0.0 l | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.98 ± 0.0 f | 93.92 ± 0.0 g,h | 98.95 ± 0.0 o | 92.92 ± 0.0 h |
10 mg | 89.73 ± 0.0 h | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.79 ± 0.0 d | 95.33 ± 0.0 i | 94.13 ± 0.0 g | 91.52 ± 0.9 g | |
20 mg | 92.54 ± 0.3 k | 0.80 ± 0.0 c | 2.96 ± 0.0 m | 97.92 ± 0.3 k | 94.51 ± 0.0 h | 93.63 ± 0.0 i | |
quercetin | 5 mg | 84.76 ± 0.0 e | 1.60 ± 0.0 e | 0.98 ± 0.0 f | 87.34 ± 0.0 d | 97.05 ± 0.0 l | 89.01 ± 0.0 e |
10 mg | 88.00 ± 0.0 g | 0.82 ± 0.0 d | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 93.76 ± 0.0 g | 93.86 ± 0.0 f | 91.64 ± 0.0 g | |
20 mg | 95.79 ± 0.0 m | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 3.85 ± 0.0 r | 99.64 ± 0.0 m,n | 96.14 ± 0.0 i | 95.00 ± 0.0 k,l | |
kaempferol | 5 mg | 95.72 ± 0.0 m | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 0.68 ± 0.0 c | 96.40 ± 0.0 j | 99.29 ± 0.0 p,r | 95.07 ± 0.0 l |
10 mg | 85.54 ± 0.0 f | 4.93 ± 0.0 h | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 92.12 ± 0.0 f | 92.86 ± 0.0 e | 91.11 ± 0.0 f | |
20 mg | 97.78 ± 0.3 p | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 1.05 ± 0.0 g | 98.83 ± 0.3 ł | 98.94 ± 0.0 o | 95.66 ± 0.0 ł | |
Maize starch without the addition of polyphenols | 96.67 ± 0.0 o | 1.64 ± 0.0 f | 0.0 ± 0.0 a | 99.94 ± 0.0 o | 96.72 ± 0.0 j | 96.31 ± 0.0 m |
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Kwaśny, D.; Borczak, B.; Kapusta-Duch, J.; Kron, I. The Influence of Different Polyphenols on the Digestibility of Various Kinds of Starch and the Value of the Estimated Glycemic Index. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 8065. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14178065
Kwaśny D, Borczak B, Kapusta-Duch J, Kron I. The Influence of Different Polyphenols on the Digestibility of Various Kinds of Starch and the Value of the Estimated Glycemic Index. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(17):8065. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14178065
Chicago/Turabian StyleKwaśny, Dominika, Barbara Borczak, Joanna Kapusta-Duch, and Ivan Kron. 2024. "The Influence of Different Polyphenols on the Digestibility of Various Kinds of Starch and the Value of the Estimated Glycemic Index" Applied Sciences 14, no. 17: 8065. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14178065