Experimental Study and Optimization of the Organic Rankine Cycle with Pure NovecTM649 and Zeotropic Mixture NovecTM649/HFE7000 as Working Fluid
Abstract
:Featured Application
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The ORC System
2.2. Heating and Cooling Loops
2.3. Working Fluid Selection
2.4. Instrumentation
3. Data Processing
3.1. Experimental Investigation
3.2. Thermodynamic Investigation
3.2.1. Performances Analysis and Calculation
3.2.2. Mass Flow Rate Reconciliation
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Turbine Performances
4.2. ORC Performances
4.2.1. Pure Fluid and Mixture Comparison
4.2.2. ORC Literature Comparison
4.2.3. Cycle High Pressure
4.3. Mass Flow Rate Validation and Reconciliation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Symbols | ||
Ᾱ | dimensionless turbine parameter | [–] |
A* | blade critical section | [m2] |
A0 | turbine reference section | [m2] |
c0 | stagnation turbine soundspeed | [m/s] |
exergy | [kW] | |
h | specific enthalpy | [kJ/kg] |
mass flow | [kg/s] | |
P | pressure | [bar] |
thermal power | [kW] | |
qv | volumetric flow | [L/h] |
s | specific entropy | [kJ/kg-K] |
S | section de passage | [m2] |
T | temperature | [°C or K] |
power | [kW] | |
Greek symbols | ||
η | efficiency | [%] |
π | pressure ratio | [–] |
γ | polytropic coefficient | [–] |
ρ0 | stagnation turbine density | [kg/m3] |
Subscripts | ||
cond | condenser | |
cf | cooling fluid | |
cooling | cooling source | |
el | electric | |
evap | evaporator | |
gross | gross | |
heat | heating source | |
hf | heating fluid | |
II | second law | |
in | inlet | |
is | isentropic | |
losses | losses | |
net | net | |
out | outlet | |
pre | pre-heater | |
ps | pumps | |
ref | reference | |
th | thermal | |
tur | turbine | |
wf | working fluid | |
Acronyms | ||
APS | Absolute Pressure Sensor | |
EFM | Electromagnetic Flow Meter | |
GWP | Global Warming Potential | |
HCFC | Hydrochlorofluorocarbon | |
HCFO | Hydrochlorofluoroolefin | |
HFC | Hydrofluorocarbon | |
HFE | Hydrofluoroether | |
HFO | Hydrofluoroolefin | |
ODP | Ozone Depletion Potential | |
ORC | Organic Rankine Cycle | |
PFD | Process Flow Diagram | |
PID | Proportional Integral Derivative |
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Property | NovecTM649 | 0.8NovecTM649/0.2HFE7000 | HFE7000 |
---|---|---|---|
Type | Dry | Dry | Dry |
Molar mass (g/mol) | 316 | 283.2 | 200.1 |
Normal boiling point (°C) | 49.1 | 41.2 | 34.2 |
Normal latent heat (kJ/kg) | 88.1 | 99.6 | 133.9 |
Critical temperature (°C) | 168.7 | 165.6 | 164.6 |
Critical pressure (bar) | 18.7 | 20.3 | 24.8 |
Ozone Depletion Potential | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Global Warming Potential | 1 | 107 | 530 |
Inflammability | Nonflammable | Nonflammable | Nonflammable |
Variable | Device | Range | Uncertainty |
---|---|---|---|
Electrical power | Wattmeter | 0–3250 W | ±0.3% |
Volumetric flow rate (heat source) | EFM | 0–3500 L/h | ±0.23% |
Volumetric flow rate (cooling source) | EFM | 0–2500 L/h | ±0.33% |
Temperature | Type-K thermocouples | 0–1100 °C | ±0.1 °C |
Pressure | APS | 0–7 bar | ±1% |
Tin,hf,evap | Tin,cf,cond | qv,hf | qv,cf | ṁwf |
---|---|---|---|---|
(°C) | (°C) | (L/h) | (L/h) | (kg/s) |
110 | 13.5 | 300–3500 | 250–2500 | 0.055–0.069 |
Data | NovecTM649 | 0.8NovecTM649/0.2HFE7000 | |
---|---|---|---|
(kg/s) | 0.4 | 0.4 | |
(kg/s) | 0.236 | 0.56 | |
(kg/s) | 0.065 | 0.057 | |
(°C) | 110 | 110.2 | |
(°C) | 13.5 | 12.6 | |
(°C) | 13.5 | 12.6 | |
(bar) | 4.5 | 4.2 | |
(bar) | 0.53 | 0.45 | |
(kW) | 12 | 10.8 | |
(kW) | 10 | 9.3 | |
(kW) | 0.715 | 0.703 | |
(kW) | 0.104 | 0.104 | |
(%) | 58.2 | 56 | |
(%) | 61.4 | 61.5 | |
(%) | 5 | 5.6 | |
(%) | 20.8 | 22.4 |
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Blondel, Q.; Tauveron, N.; Caney, N.; Voeltzel, N. Experimental Study and Optimization of the Organic Rankine Cycle with Pure NovecTM649 and Zeotropic Mixture NovecTM649/HFE7000 as Working Fluid. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1865. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091865
Blondel Q, Tauveron N, Caney N, Voeltzel N. Experimental Study and Optimization of the Organic Rankine Cycle with Pure NovecTM649 and Zeotropic Mixture NovecTM649/HFE7000 as Working Fluid. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(9):1865. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091865
Chicago/Turabian StyleBlondel, Quentin, Nicolas Tauveron, Nadia Caney, and Nicolas Voeltzel. 2019. "Experimental Study and Optimization of the Organic Rankine Cycle with Pure NovecTM649 and Zeotropic Mixture NovecTM649/HFE7000 as Working Fluid" Applied Sciences 9, no. 9: 1865. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091865