The Role of Interoceptive Sensitivity and Hypnotizability in Motor Imagery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. MI and Interoceptive Sensitivity
1.2. Hypnotizability, MI and IS
1.3. The Aim of This Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Experimental Design and Procedure
2.3. Signal Acquisition and Analysis
2.4. Variables
2.4.1. Preliminary Evaluation
Hypnotic Assessment
Questionnaires
- -
- Absorption (Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS, [40]), measuring the level of proneness to be deeply involved in cognitive tasks (range: 0–34).
- -
- Interoceptive sensitivity (Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA [20]), consisting of 8 dimensions (noticing, not distracting, not worrying, attention regulation, emotional awareness, self-regulation, body listening, trusting), with each item scored between 0 (min) and 5 (max).
2.4.2. Experimental Session
- -
- For physiological assessment: EEG alpha and beta PSD and heart rate (HR) during the baseline condition (B), actual movement (M), visual and kinesthetic MI (VI, KI).
- -
- For psychophysiological assessment, visual (ΔV) and kinesthetic (ΔK) imagery duration normalized to movement duration computed as [(actual movement duration—imagined movement duration)/actual movement duration].
- -
- For the subjective experience of MI, self-report of the efficacy of visual (Ve) and kinesthetic (Ke) imagery (range: 0–10).
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Motor Imagery, Hypnotizability and Interoception
3.1.1. Heart Rate
3.1.2. Subjective Efficacy (Ve, Ke)
3.1.3. Chronometry (ΔV, ΔK)
3.1.4. Correlational Analysis
3.2. EEG Alpha and Beta PSD
- Alpha PSD (Figure 3)
- Low-beta PSD (Figure 5).
- High-beta PSD (Figure 6).
4. Discussion
4.1. Subjective and Behavioral Findings
4.2. EEG Findings
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lows | Mediums | Highs | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | ||
TAS * | 19.55 | 5.26 | 24.27 | 4.05 | 24.31 | 3.75 | |
MAIA | Noticing * | 3.18 | 0.66 | 3.67 | 0.78 | 3.72 | 0.63 |
not distracting | 1.94 | 0.60 | 1.76 | 0.53 | 2.02 | 1.01 | |
not worrying | 2.76 | 0.85 | 2.44 | 1.33 | 2.46 | 0.92 | |
attention regulation | 3.08 | 0.83 | 3.20 | 0.67 | 3.35 | 0.54 | |
emotional awareness | 3.44 | 0.80 | 3.66 | 0.94 | 4.01 | 0.63 | |
self-regulation | 2.86 | 0.86 | 3.22 | 0.79 | 2.81 | 0.87 | |
body listening | 2.56 | 0.78 | 2.99 | 0.93 | 2.96 | 0.80 | |
trusting | 3.48 | 1.11 | 3.79 | 1.02 | 3.37 | 1.17 | |
ΔHRv | 6.41 | 3.51 | 8.53 | 4.94 | 7.05 | 6.11 | |
ΔHRk | 3.37 | 2.61 | 3.44 | 2.06 | 4.06 | 3.68 | |
ΔV | 0.28 | 0.22 | 0.29 | 0.19 | 0.35 | 0.22 | |
ΔK | 0.33 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.15 | |
Ve | 6.68 | 1.16 | 6.70 | 1.22 | 6.77 | 1.72 | |
Ke * | 6.78 | 1.17 | 7.82 | 1.19 | 7.58 | 1.09 |
Effect | F | df | p | η2 | α | MAIA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
side | 4.09 | 1, 50 | 0.048 | 0.754 | 0.510 | ns | |
region | 273.89 | 1, 50 | 0.0001 | 0.846 | 0.999 | ||
condition | 18.74 | 3, 150 | 0.0001 | 0.273 | 0.999 | ns | |
region x condition x group | 2.35 | 6, 150 | 0.048 | 0.086 | 0.618 | ||
with: | highs | ||||||
region | 103.68 | 1, 15 | 0.0001 | FC < PO | |||
condition | 4.04 | 3, 45 | 0.038 | ||||
mediums | |||||||
region | 48.22 | 1, 10 | 0.0001 | FC < PO | |||
condition | 6.37 | 3, 30 | 0.005 | ||||
lows | |||||||
region | 177.96 | 1, 25 | 0.0001 | FC < PO | |||
condition | 12.90 | 3, 75 | 0.0001 | ||||
region x condition | 3.16 | 3, 75 | 0.042 |
Effect | Low-Beta | F | df | p | η2 | α | MAIA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
side | 7.28 | 1, 50 | 0.009 | 0.127 | 0.754 | left < right | ns | |
region | 360.73 | 1, 50 | 0.0001 | 0.877 | 0.999 | FC < PO | ns | |
condition | 37.81 | 3, 150 | 0.0001 | 0.431 | 0.999 | ns | ||
high-beta | ||||||||
side | 12.79 | 1, 50 | 0.0001 | 0.204 | 0.939 | left < right | ns | |
region | 196.40 | 1, 50 | 0.0001 | 0.797 | 0.999 | FC < PO | ns | |
side x group | 3.79 | 2, 50 | 0.029 | 0.131 | 0.664 | ns | ||
condition | 6.46 | 3, 150 | 0.001 | 0.114 | 0.951 | ns | ||
region x condition | 3.72 | 3, 150 | 0.022 | 0.069 | 0.715 | ns |
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Malloggi, E.; Zelič, Ž.; Santarcangelo, E.L. The Role of Interoceptive Sensitivity and Hypnotizability in Motor Imagery. Brain Sci. 2024, 14, 832. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14080832
Malloggi E, Zelič Ž, Santarcangelo EL. The Role of Interoceptive Sensitivity and Hypnotizability in Motor Imagery. Brain Sciences. 2024; 14(8):832. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14080832
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalloggi, Eleonora, Žan Zelič, and Enrica Laura Santarcangelo. 2024. "The Role of Interoceptive Sensitivity and Hypnotizability in Motor Imagery" Brain Sciences 14, no. 8: 832. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14080832