The Absence of Items Addressing Increased Appetite or Weight in Depressive-Symptom Questionnaires: Implications for Understanding the Link between Major Depressive Disorder, Antidepressants, and Obesity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Eating Behavior in Major Depressive Disorder
3. Unhealthy Lifestyle in Major Depressive Disorder
4. Antidepressants and Weight Change
5. Eating Behavior Assessment in Depressive-Symptoms Questionnaires
INSTRUMENT | DECREASED | INCREASED | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Appetite | Weight | Appetite | Weight | |
Inventory For Depressive Symptomatology, Clinician-Rated (IDS-C) [64] | Appetite (decreased) | Weight (decrease) within the last 2 weeks | Appetite (increased) | Weight (increased) within the last 2 weeks |
Quick Inventory for Depressive Symptomatology. Self-Rated (QIDS-SR) [65] | Decreased appetite | Decreased weight (within the last two weeks) | Increased appetite | Increased weight (within the last two weeks) |
Symptoms of Depression Questionnaire (SDQ) [66] | How has your appetite been over the past month? | Have you lost weight over the past month? | Has your appetite been excessive over the past month? | Have you gained weight over the past month? |
Clinically Useful Depression Outcome Scale (CUDOS) [76] | My appetite was poor and I didn’t feel like eating. | My appetite was much greater than usual. | ||
Inventory of Depressive Symptoms [64] | Decreased appetite | Increased appetite | ||
The Remission from Depression Questionnaire (RDQ) [68] | My appetite was poor. | My appetite was much greater than usual. | ||
Beck Depression Inventory-II [67] | My appetite is somewhat less than usual. My appetite is much less than usual. I have no appetite at all. | My appetite is somewhat greater than usual. My appetite is much greater than usual. I crave food all the time. | ||
Beck Depression Inventory [60] | My appetite is no worse than usual | I haven’t lost much weight, if any, lately | ||
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) [59] | Gastrointestinal somatic symptoms: “Loss of appetite but eating without staff encouragement. Heavy feelings in abdomen.” | Loss of weight: according to the patient or weekly measurements. | ||
Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) [61] | Reduced appetite: representing the feeling of a loss of appetite compared with when well. Rate by loss of desire for food or the need to force oneself to eat. | |||
Center For Epidemiological Studies—Depression (CES-D) [77] | I did not feel like eating; my appetite was poor | |||
MENO-D [72] | Have you gained weight (in comparison to pre-menopause weight)? | |||
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) [62] | Poor appetite or overeating | |||
Zung Self-Rating Depressive Scale [63] | I eat as much as I used to | |||
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) [78] | None | |||
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-7) [79] | None | |||
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [80] | None | |||
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EDPS) [69] | None | |||
Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) [70] | None | |||
Calgary Depression Scale For Schizophrenia (CDSS) [71] | None |
6. Conclusions and Comments
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Marx, W.; Penninx, B.W.J.H.; Solmi, M.; Furukawa, T.A.; Firth, J.; Carvalho, A.F.; Berk, M. Major depressive disorder. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 2023, 9, 44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- González-Muniesa, P.; Mártinez-González, M.-A.; Hu, F.B.; Després, J.-P.; Matsuzawa, Y.; Loos, R.J.F.; Moreno, L.A.; Bray, G.A.; Martinez, J.A. Obesity. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers 2017, 3, 17034. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Treviño-Alvarez, A.M.; Sánchez-Ruiz, J.A.; Barrera, F.J.; Rodríguez-Bautista, M.; Romo-Nava, F.; McElroy, S.L.; Cuéllar-Barboza, A.B. Weight changes in adults with major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J. Affect. Disord. 2023, 332, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luppino, F.S.; de Wit, L.M.; Bouvy, P.F.; Stijnen, T.; Cuijpers, P.; Penninx, B.W.; Zitman, F.G. Overweight, obesity, and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2010, 67, 220–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Solmi, M.; Kohler, C.A.; Stubbs, B.; Koyanagi, A.; Bortolato, B.; Monaco, F.; Vancampfort, D.; Machado, M.O.; Maes, M.; Tzoulaki, I.; et al. Environmental risk factors and nonpharmacological and nonsurgical interventions for obesity: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of cohort studies and randomized controlled trials. Eur. J. Clin. Investig. 2018, 48, e12982. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lazarevich, I.; Irigoyen Camacho, M.E.; Velázquez-Alva, M.D.C.; Zepeda Zepeda, M. Relationship among obesity, depression, and emotional eating in young adults. Appetite 2016, 107, 639–644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vancampfort, D.; Mitchell, A.J.; De Hert, M.; Sienaert, P.; Probst, M.; Buys, R.; Stubbs, B. Type 2 Diabetes in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Prevalence Estimates and Predictors. Depress. Anxiety 2015, 32, 763–773. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vancampfort, D.; Correll, C.U.; Wampers, M.; Sienaert, P.; Mitchell, A.J.; De Herdt, A.; Probst, M.; Scheewe, T.W.; De Hert, M. Metabolic syndrome and metabolic abnormalities in patients with major depressive disorder: A meta-analysis of prevalences and moderating variables. Psychol. Med. 2014, 44, 2017–2028. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trevino-Alvarez, A.M.; Cabeza de Baca, T.; Stinson, E.J.; Gluck, M.E.; Chang, D.C.; Piaggi, P.; Krakoff, J. Greater anhedonia scores in healthy individuals are associated with less decline in 24-hour energy expenditure with fasting: Evidence for a link between behavioral traits and spendthrift phenotype. Physiol. Behav. 2023, 269, 114281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stover, P.J.; Field, M.S.; Andermann, M.L.; Bailey, R.L.; Batterham, R.L.; Cauffman, E.; Fruhbeck, G.; Iversen, P.O.; Starke-Reed, P.; Sternson, S.M.; et al. Neurobiology of eating behavior, nutrition, and health. J. Intern. Med. 2023, 294, 582–604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- American Psychiatric Association. Diacnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed.; American Psychiatric Association Publishing: Washington, DC, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 11th ed.; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2019; Available online: https://icd.who.int/ (accessed on 30 January 2024).
- Lasserre, A.M.; Glaus, J.; Vandeleur, C.L.; Marques-Vidal, P.; Vaucher, J.; Bastardot, F.; Waeber, G.; Vollenweider, P.; Preisig, M. Depression with atypical features and increase in obesity, body mass index, waist circumference, and fat mass: A prospective, population-based study. JAMA Psychiatry 2014, 71, 880–888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grilo, C.M.; White, M.A.; Masheb, R.M. DSM-IV psychiatric disorder comorbidity and its correlates in binge eating disorder. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2009, 42, 228–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Godart, N.; Radon, L.; Curt, F.; Duclos, J.; Perdereau, F.; Lang, F.; Venisse, J.L.; Halfon, O.; Bizouard, P.; Loas, G.; et al. Mood disorders in eating disorder patients: Prevalence and chronology of ONSET. J. Affect. Disord. 2015, 185, 115–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Paans, N.P.G.; Bot, M.; van Strien, T.; Brouwer, I.A.; Visser, M.; Penninx, B. Eating styles in major depressive disorder: Results from a large-scale study. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2018, 97, 38–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shell, A.L.; Jackson, R.A.; Patel, J.S.; Hirsh, A.T.; Cyders, M.A.; Stewart, J.C. Associations of somatic depressive symptoms with food attentional bias and eating behaviors. Appetite 2021, 167, 105593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bornstein, S.R.; Schuppenies, A.; Wong, M.L.; Licinio, J. Approaching the shared biology of obesity and depression: The stress axis as the locus of gene–environment interactions. Mol. Psychiatry 2006, 11, 892–902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Milaneschi, Y.; Lamers, F.; Berk, M.; Penninx, B.W.J.H. Depression Heterogeneity and Its Biological Underpinnings: Toward Immunometabolic Depression. Biol. Psychiatry 2020, 88, 369–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, G.; Lu, Z.; Sun, Y.; Kang, Z.; Feng, X.; Liao, Y.; Sun, J.; Zhang, Y.; Huang, Y.; Yue, W. Dissecting the causal association between social or physical inactivity and depression: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian Randomization study. Transl. Psychiatry 2023, 13, 194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kroemer, N.B.; Opel, N.; Teckentrup, V.; Li, M.; Grotegerd, D.; Meinert, S.; Lemke, H.; Kircher, T.; Nenadic, I.; Krug, A.; et al. Functional Connectivity of the Nucleus Accumbens and Changes in Appetite in Patients With Depression. JAMA Psychiatry 2022, 79, 993–1003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geha, P.; Cecchi, G.; Todd Constable, R.; Abdallah, C.; Small, D.M. Reorganization of brain connectivity in obesity. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2017, 38, 1403–1420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Samuthpongtorn, C.; Nguyen, L.H.; Okereke, O.I.; Wang, D.D.; Song, M.; Chan, A.T.; Mehta, R.S. Consumption of Ultraprocessed Food and Risk of Depression. JAMA Netw. Open 2023, 6, e2334770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rauber, F.; Chang, K.; Vamos, E.P.; da Costa Louzada, M.L.; Monteiro, C.A.; Millett, C.; Levy, R.B. Ultra-processed food consumption and risk of obesity: A prospective cohort study of UK Biobank. Eur. J. Nutr. 2021, 60, 2169–2180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hecht, E.M.; Rabil, A.; Martinez Steele, E.; Abrams, G.A.; Ware, D.; Landy, D.C.; Hennekens, C.H. Cross-sectional examination of ultra-processed food consumption and adverse mental health symptoms. Public Health Nutr. 2022, 25, 3225–3234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pourmotabbed, A.; Moradi, S.; Babaei, A.; Ghavami, A.; Mohammadi, H.; Jalili, C.; Symonds, M.E.; Miraghajani, M. Food insecurity and mental health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr. 2020, 23, 1778–1790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stinson, E.J.; Votruba, S.B.; Venti, C.; Perez, M.; Krakoff, J.; Gluck, M.E. Food Insecurity is Associated with Maladaptive Eating Behaviors and Objectively Measured Overeating. Obesity 2018, 26, 1841–1848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Booker, J.M.; Cabeza de Baca, T.; Treviño-Alvarez, A.M.; Stinson, E.J.; Votruba, S.B.; Chang, D.C.; Engel, S.G.; Krakoff, J.; Gluck, M.E. Dietary Adherence Is Associated with Perceived Stress, Anhedonia, and Food Insecurity Independent of Adiposity. Nutrients 2024, 16, 526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schuch, F.; Vancampfort, D.; Firth, J.; Rosenbaum, S.; Ward, P.; Reichert, T.; Bagatini, N.C.; Bgeginski, R.; Stubbs, B. Physical activity and sedentary behavior in people with major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Affect. Disord. 2017, 210, 139–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Stubbs, B.; Vancampfort, D.; Hallgren, M.; Firth, J.; Veronese, N.; Solmi, M.; Brand, S.; Cordes, J.; Malchow, B.; Gerber, M.; et al. EPA guidance on physical activity as a treatment for severe mental illness: A meta-review of the evidence and Position Statement from the European Psychiatric Association (EPA), supported by the International Organization of Physical Therapists in Mental Health (IOPTMH). Eur. Psychiatry 2018, 54, 124–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rovero, M.; Preisig, M.; Marques-Vidal, P.; Strippoli, M.F.; Vollenweider, P.; Vaucher, J.; Berney, A.; Merikangas, K.R.; Vandeleur, C.L.; Glaus, J. Subtypes of major depressive disorders and objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behaviors in the community. Compr. Psychiatry 2024, 129, 152442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wong, S.; Le, G.H.; Phan, L.; Rhee, T.G.; Ho, R.; Meshkat, S.; Teopiz, K.M.; Kwan, A.T.H.; Mansur, R.B.; Rosenblat, J.D.; et al. Effects of anhedonia on health-related quality of life and functional outcomes in major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Affect. Disord. 2024, 356, 684–698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Piaggi, P. Metabolic Determinants of Weight Gain in Humans. Obesity 2019, 27, 691–699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ross, R.E.; Van Derwerker, C.J.; Saladin, M.E.; Gregory, C.M. The role of exercise in the treatment of depression: Biological underpinnings and clinical outcomes. Mol. Psychiatry 2023, 28, 298–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Toups, M.; Carmody, T.; Greer, T.; Rethorst, C.; Grannemann, B.; Trivedi, M.H. Exercise is an effective treatment for positive valence symptoms in major depression. J. Affect. Disord. 2017, 209, 188–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schuch, F.B.; Vancampfort, D.; Richards, J.; Rosenbaum, S.; Ward, P.B.; Stubbs, B. Exercise as a treatment for depression: A meta-analysis adjusting for publication bias. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2016, 77, 42–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Choi, K.W.; Chen, C.Y.; Stein, M.B.; Klimentidis, Y.C.; Wang, M.J.; Koenen, K.C.; Smoller, J.W.; Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Assessment of Bidirectional Relationships Between Physical Activity and Depression Among Adults: A 2-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. JAMA Psychiatry 2019, 76, 399–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, Y.; Wu, Z.; Sun, L.; Zhou, L.; Wang, G.; Xiao, L.; Wang, H. The Effects and Mechanisms of Exercise on the Treatment of Depression. Front. Psychiatry 2021, 12, 705559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kluemper, A.; Heath, L.; Loeb, D.; Kroehl, M.; Trinkley, K. Depression-related stigma among primary care providers. Ment. Health Clin. 2021, 11, 175–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Talumaa, B.; Brown, A.; Batterham, R.L.; Kalea, A.Z. Effective strategies in ending weight stigma in healthcare. Obes. Rev. 2022, 23, e13494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, D.; Hua, Z.; Li, Z. The role of glutamate and glutamine metabolism and related transporters in nerve cells. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 2024, 30, e14617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, R.; Zheng, R.; Zheng, J.; Li, M.; Wang, T.; Zhao, Z.; Wang, S.; Lin, H.; Lu, J.; Chen, Y.; et al. Causal Association Between Obesity, Circulating Glutamine Levels, and Depression: A Mendelian Randomization Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2023, 108, 1432–1441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Egbenya, D.L.; Aidoo, E.; Kyei, G. Glutamate receptors in brain development. Childs Nerv. Syst. 2021, 37, 2753–2758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McCormack, S.E.; Shaham, O.; McCarthy, M.A.; Deik, A.A.; Wang, T.J.; Gerszten, R.E.; Clish, C.B.; Mootha, V.K.; Grinspoon, S.K.; Fleischman, A. Circulating branched-chain amino acid concentrations are associated with obesity and future insulin resistance in children and adolescents. Pediatr. Obes. 2013, 8, 52–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Short, K.R.; Chadwick, J.Q.; Teague, A.M.; Tullier, M.A.; Wolbert, L.; Coleman, C.; Copeland, K.C. Effect of Obesity and Exercise Training on Plasma Amino Acids and Amino Metabolites in American Indian Adolescents. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2019, 104, 3249–3261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sohn, M.J.; Chae, W.; Ko, J.S.; Cho, J.Y.; Kim, J.E.; Choi, J.Y.; Jang, H.B.; Lee, H.J.; Park, S.I.; Park, K.H.; et al. Metabolomic Signatures for the Effects of Weight Loss Interventions on Severe Obesity in Children and Adolescents. Metabolites 2021, 12, 27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, X.; Zhao, P.; Wang, W.; Guo, L.; Pan, Q. The Antidepressant Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2024, 32, 117–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McElroy, S.L. Question: What Is the Current State of Evidence Regarding Any Mood-Improving Properties of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists, and Are Psychiatrists Prescribing Them? J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2024, 44, 332–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tolhurst, G.; Zheng, Y.; Parker, H.E.; Habib, A.M.; Reimann, F.; Gribble, F.M. Glutamine triggers and potentiates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion by raising cytosolic Ca2+ and cAMP. Endocrinology 2011, 152, 405–413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gill, H.; Gill, B.; El-Halabi, S.; Chen-Li, D.; Lipsitz, O.; Rosenblat, J.D.; Van Rheenen, T.E.; Rodrigues, N.B.; Mansur, R.B.; Majeed, A.; et al. Antidepressant Medications and Weight Change: A Narrative Review. Obesity 2020, 28, 2064–2072. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Serretti, A.; Mandelli, L. Antidepressants and body weight: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2010, 71, 1259–1272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gafoor, R.; Booth, H.P.; Gulliford, M.C. Antidepressant utilisation and incidence of weight gain during 10 years’ follow-up: Population based cohort study. BMJ 2018, 361, k1951. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Michelson, D.; Amsterdam, J.D.; Quitkin, F.M.; Reimherr, F.W.; Rosenbaum, J.F.; Zajecka, J.; Sundell, K.L.; Kim, Y.; Beasley, C.M., Jr. Changes in weight during a 1-year trial of fluoxetine. Am. J. Psychiatry 1999, 156, 1170–1176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Quitkin, F.M.; Stewart, J.W.; McGrath, P.J.; Tricamo, E.; Rabkin, J.G.; Ocepek-Welikson, K.; Nunes, E.; Harrison, W.; Klein, D.F. Columbia atypical depression. A subgroup of depressives with better response to MAOI than to tricyclic antidepressants or placebo. Br. J. Psychiatry Suppl. 1993, 21, 30–34. [Google Scholar]
- Kloiber, S.; Ising, M.; Reppermund, S.; Horstmann, S.; Dose, T.; Majer, M.; Zihl, J.; Pfister, H.; Unschuld, P.G.; Holsboer, F.; et al. Overweight and obesity affect treatment response in major depression. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 62, 321–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kraus, C.; Kautzky, A.; Watzal, V.; Gramser, A.; Kadriu, B.; Deng, Z.D.; Bartova, L.; Zarate, C.A., Jr.; Lanzenberger, R.; Souery, D.; et al. Body mass index and clinical outcomes in individuals with major depressive disorder: Findings from the GSRD European Multicenter Database. J. Affect. Disord. 2023, 335, 349–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grigolon, R.B.; Trevizol, A.P.; Gerchman, F.; Bambokian, A.D.; Magee, T.; McIntyre, R.S.; Gomes, F.A.; Brietzke, E.; Mansur, R.B. Is Obesity A Determinant Of Success With Pharmacological Treatment For Depression? A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis And Meta-Regression. J. Affect. Disord. 2021, 287, 54–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zimmerman, M.; Clark, H.L.; Multach, M.D.; Walsh, E.; Rosenstein, L.K.; Gazarian, D. Have Treatment Studies of Depression Become Even Less Generalizable? A Review of the Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Used in Placebo-Controlled Antidepressant Efficacy Trials Published During the Past 20 Years. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2015, 90, 1180–1186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hamilton, M. A rating scale for depression. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1960, 23, 56–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Beck, A.T.; Ward, C.H.; Mendelson, M.; Mock, J.; Erbaugh, J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1961, 4, 561–571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Montgomery, S.A.; Asberg, M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br. J. Psychiatry 1979, 134, 382–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kroenke, K.; Spitzer, R.L. The PHQ-9: A new depression diagnostic and severity measure. Psychiatr. Ann. 2002, 32, 509–515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ZUNG, W.W.K. A Self-Rating Depression Scale. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1965, 12, 63–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rush, A.J.; Giles, D.E.; Schlesser, M.A.; Fulton, C.L.; Weissenburger, J.; Burns, C. The Inventory for Depressive Symptomatology (IDS): Preliminary findings. Psychiatry Res. 1986, 18, 65–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rush, A.J.; Trivedi, M.H.; Ibrahim, H.M.; Carmody, T.J.; Arnow, B.; Klein, D.N.; Markowitz, J.C.; Ninan, P.T.; Kornstein, S.; Manber, R.; et al. The 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): A psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression. Biol. Psychiatry 2003, 54, 573–583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pedrelli, P.; Blais, M.A.; Alpert, J.E.; Shelton, R.C.; Walker, R.S.; Fava, M. Reliability and validity of the Symptoms of Depression Questionnaire (SDQ). CNS Spectr. 2014, 19, 535–546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Beck, A.T.; Steer, R.A.; Brown, G.K. BDI-II, Beck depression inventory: Manual: Psychological Corp; John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, 1996; Volume 3, pp. 601–608. [Google Scholar]
- Zimmerman, M.; Martinez, J.H.; Attiullah, N.; Friedman, M.; Toba, C.; Boerescu, D.A.; Ragheb, M. A new type of scale for determining remission from depression: The Remission from Depression Questionnaire. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2013, 47, 78–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cox, J.L.; Holden, J.M.; Sagovsky, R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br. J. Psychiatry 1987, 150, 782–786. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yesavage, J.A.; Brink, T.L.; Rose, T.L.; Lum, O.; Huang, V.; Adey, M.; Leirer, V.O. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1982, 17, 37–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Addington, D.; Addington, J.; Schissel, B. A depression rating scale for schizophrenics. Schizophr. Res. 1990, 3, 247–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kulkarni, J.; Gavrilidis, E.; Hudaib, A.R.; Bleeker, C.; Worsley, R.; Gurvich, C. Development and validation of a new rating scale for perimenopausal depression-the Meno-D. Transl. Psychiatry 2018, 8, 123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pillinger, T.; Beck, K.; Gobjila, C.; Donocik, J.G.; Jauhar, S.; Howes, O.D. Impaired Glucose Homeostasis in First-Episode Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2017, 74, 261–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dayan, F.; Javadifar, N.; Tadayon, M.; Malehi, A.S.; Komeili Sani, H. The Relationship between Gestational Weight Gain and Postpartum Depression in Normal and Overweight Pregnant Women. J. Pregnancy 2018, 2018, 9315320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Blanco, C.; Vesga-Lopez, O.; Stewart, J.W.; Liu, S.M.; Grant, B.F.; Hasin, D.S. Epidemiology of major depression with atypical features: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). J. Clin. Psychiatry 2012, 73, 224–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zimmerman, M.; Chelminski, I.; McGlinchey, J.B.; Posternak, M.A. A clinically useful depression outcome scale. Compr. Psychiatry 2008, 49, 131–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Radloff, L.S. The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl. Psychol. Meas. 1977, 1, 385–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pilkonis, P.A.; Choi, S.W.; Reise, S.P.; Stover, A.M.; Riley, W.T.; Cella, D.; Group, P.C. Item banks for measuring emotional distress from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS(R)): Depression, anxiety, and anger. Assessment 2011, 18, 263–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McIntyre, R.S.; Konarski, J.Z.; Mancini, D.A.; Fulton, K.A.; Parikh, S.V.; Grigoriadis, S.; Grupp, L.A.; Bakish, D.; Filteau, M.J.; Gorman, C.; et al. Measuring the severity of depression and remission in primary care: Validation of the HAM-D-7 scale. CMAJ 2005, 173, 1327–1334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zigmond, A.S.; Snaith, R.P. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1983, 67, 361–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Treviño-Alvarez, A.M.; Gluck, M.E.; McElroy, S.L.; Cuellar-Barboza, A.B. The Absence of Items Addressing Increased Appetite or Weight in Depressive-Symptom Questionnaires: Implications for Understanding the Link between Major Depressive Disorder, Antidepressants, and Obesity. Brain Sci. 2024, 14, 841. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14080841
Treviño-Alvarez AM, Gluck ME, McElroy SL, Cuellar-Barboza AB. The Absence of Items Addressing Increased Appetite or Weight in Depressive-Symptom Questionnaires: Implications for Understanding the Link between Major Depressive Disorder, Antidepressants, and Obesity. Brain Sciences. 2024; 14(8):841. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14080841
Chicago/Turabian StyleTreviño-Alvarez, Andrés M., Marci E. Gluck, Susan L. McElroy, and Alfredo B. Cuellar-Barboza. 2024. "The Absence of Items Addressing Increased Appetite or Weight in Depressive-Symptom Questionnaires: Implications for Understanding the Link between Major Depressive Disorder, Antidepressants, and Obesity" Brain Sciences 14, no. 8: 841. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14080841