Extracellular Vesicle-Enclosed Oxidative Stress- and Inflammation-Related microRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of Vitamin D Responsivity: A Pilot Study on Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients with or without COVID-19
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patient Selection, Vit.D Supplementation, Blood Sampling, and Quantification of 25(OH)D Levels
2.2. EV Enrichment and Characterization
2.3. EV RNA Extraction and miRNA Sequencing
2.4. Bioinformatics Analysis
2.5. Real-Time PCR Analysis
2.6. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. IBD Patients and Clinical Data, Vit.D Concentration and Supplementation, and COVID-19
3.2. IBD Patients’ Serum EV Enclose miRNAs Indicative of Oxidative Stress- and Inflammation-Related Pathways
3.3. Serum-Derived EV miRNA Expression Indicates Vitamin D Responsivity in IBD Patients Positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG
3.4. miRNA Expression in IBD Patients’ Serum-Derived EVs and COVID-19 Severity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Aribi, M.; Mennechet, F.J.D.; Touil-Boukoffa, C. Editorial: The role of vitamin D as an immunomodulator. Front. Immunol. 2023, 14, 1186635. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carlberg, C. Genome-wide (over)view on the actions of vitamin D. Front. Physiol. 2014, 5, 167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Campbell, M.J. Vitamin D and the RNA transcriptome: More than mRNA regulation. Front. Physiol. 2014, 5, 181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferenc, K.; Sokal-Dembowska, A.; Helma, K.; Motyka, E.; Jarmakiewicz-Czaja, S.; Filip, R. Modulation of the Gut Microbiota by Nutrition and Its Relationship to Epigenetics. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 1228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.; Mei, L.; Hao, Y.; Xu, Y.; Yang, Q.; Dai, Z.; Yang, Y.; Wu, Z.; Ji, Y. Contemporary Perspectives on the Role of Vitamin D in Enhancing Gut Health and Its Implications for Preventing and Managing Intestinal Diseases. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jeon, S.M.; Shin, E.A. Exploring vitamin D metabolism and function in cancer. Exp. Mol. Med. 2018, 50, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bendik, I.; Friedel, A.; Roos, F.F.; Weber, P.; Eggersdorfer, M. Vitamin D: A critical and essential micronutrient for human health. Front. Physiol. 2014, 5, 248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ao, T.; Kikuta, J.; Ishii, M. The Effects of Vitamin D on Immune System and Inflammatory Diseases. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 1624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ben-Eltriki, M.; Hopefl, R.; Wright, J.M.; Deb, S. Association between Vitamin D Status and Risk of Developing Severe COVID-19 Infection: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. J. Am. Nutr. Assoc. 2022, 41, 679–689. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Nicolò, A.; Cusato, J.; Bezzio, C.; Saibeni, S.; Vernero, M.; Disabato, M.; Caviglia, G.P.; Ianniello, A.; Manca, A.; D’Avolio, A.; et al. Possible Impact of Vitamin D Status and Supplementation on SARS-CoV-2 Infection Risk and COVID-19 Symptoms in a Cohort of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients 2022, 15, 169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pini, S.; Scaparrotta, G.; DI Vico, V.; Fragasso, A.; Stefanelli, L.F.; Nalesso, F.; Calò, L.A. Vitamin D intoxication induced severe hypercalcemia from self-medication for COVID-19 infection: A public health problem? Minerva Endocrinol 2022, 47, 371–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amini, M.A.; Karimi, J.; Talebi, S.S.; Piri, H. The Association of COVID-19 and Reactive Oxygen Species Modulator 1 (ROMO1) with Oxidative Stress. Chonnam Med. J. 2022, 58, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Peyrin-Biroulet, L.; Sandborn, W.J.; Panaccione, R.; Domènech, E.; Pouillon, L.; Siegmund, B.; Danese, S.; Ghosh, S. Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors in inflammatory bowel disease: The story continues. Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol. 2021, 14, 17562848211059954. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laurindo, L.F.; Santos, A.R.O.D.; Carvalho, A.C.A.; Bechara, M.D.; Guiguer, E.L.; Goulart, R.A.; Vargas Sinatora, R.; Araújo, A.C.; Barbalho, S.M. Phytochemicals and Regulation of NF-kB in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: An Overview of In Vitro and In Vivo Effects. Metabolites 2023, 13, 96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, L.; Peng, P.; Ding, N.; Jia, W.; Huang, C.; Tang, Y. Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Gut Dysbiosis: What Can Polyphenols Do in Inflammatory Bowel Disease? Antioxidants 2023, 12, 967. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zuo, J.; Zhang, Z.; Luo, M.; Zhou, L.; Nice, E.C.; Zhang, W.; Wang, C.; Huang, C. Redox signaling at the crossroads of human health and disease. MedComm 2022, 3, e127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nousis, L.; Kanavaros, P.; Barbouti, A. Oxidative Stress-Induced Cellular Senescence: Is Labile Iron the Connecting Link? Antioxidants 2023, 12, 1250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Valvano, M.; Magistroni, M.; Mancusi, A.; D’Ascenzo, D.; Longo, S.; Stefanelli, G.; Vernia, F.; Viscido, A.; Necozione, S.; Latella, G. The Usefulness of Serum Vitamin D Levels in the Assessment of IBD Activity and Response to Biologics. Nutrients 2021, 13, 323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Valvano, M.; Magistroni, M.; Cesaro, N.; Carlino, G.; Monaco, S.; Fabiani, S.; Vinci, A.; Vernia, F.; Viscido, A.; Latella, G. Effectiveness of Vitamin D Supplementation on Disease Course in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2024, 30, 281–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hashash, J.G.; Elkins, J.; Lewis, J.D.; Binion, D.G. AGA Clinical Practice Update on Diet and Nutritional Therapies in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Expert Review. Gastroenterology 2024, 166, 521–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matias, J.N.; Lima, V.M.; Nutels, G.S.; Laurindo, L.F.; Barbalho, S.M.; de Alvares Goulart, R.; Araújo, A.C.; Suzuki, R.B.; Guiguer, E.L. The use of vitamin D for patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 2024, 94, 54–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ferro, A.; Saccu, G.; Mattivi, S.; Gaido, A.; Herrera Sanchez, M.B.; Haque, S.; Silengo, L.; Altruda, F.; Durazzo, M.; Fagoonee, S. Extracellular Vesicles as Delivery Vehicles for Non-Coding RNAs: Potential Biomarkers for Chronic Liver Diseases. Biomolecules 2024, 14, 277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fagoonee, S.; Arigoni, M.; Manco, M.; Olivero, M.; Bizzaro, F.; Magagnotti, C.; Andolfo, A.; Miniscalco, B.; Forni, M.; Todeschi, S.; et al. Circulating Extracellular Vesicles Contain Liver-Derived RNA Species as Indicators of Severe Cholestasis-Induced Early Liver Fibrosis in Mice. Antioxid. Redox Signal 2022, 36, 480–504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, L.; Ou, Q.; Kou, X. Extracellular vesicles and their indispensable roles in pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: A comprehensive review. Life Sci. 2023, 327, 121830. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aharon, A.; Dangot, A.; Kinaani, F.; Zavaro, M.; Bannon, L.; Bar-Lev, T.; Keren-Politansky, A.; Avivi, I.; Jacob, G. Extracellular Vesicles of COVID-19 Patients Reflect Inflammation, Thrombogenicity, and Disease Severity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 5918. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Martinez-Bravo, M.J.; Wahlund, C.J.; Qazi, K.R.; Moulder, R.; Lukic, A.; Rådmark, O.; Lahesmaa, R.; Grunewald, J.; Eklund, A.; Gabrielsson, S. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is associated with exosomal vitamin D-binding protein and inflammatory molecules. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2017, 139, 1186–1194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, G.; Li, L.; Kong, Y.; Xu, D.; Bao, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Liao, Z.; Jiao, J.; Fan, D.; Long, X.; et al. Vitamin D-binding protein in plasma microglia-derived extracellular vesicles as a potential biomarker for major depressive disorder. Genes. Dis. 2024, 11, 1009–1021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vernia, F.; Valvano, M.; Longo, S.; Cesaro, N.; Viscido, A.; Latella, G. Vitamin D in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Mech. Action. Ther. Implications. Nutr. 2022, 14, 269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trentini, M.; Zanotti, F.; Tiengo, E.; Camponogara, F.; Degasperi, M.; Licastro, D.; Lovatti, L.; Zavan, B. An Apple a Day Keeps the Doctor Away: Potential Role of miRNA 146 on Macrophages Treated with Exosomes Derived from Apples. Biomedicines 2022, 10, 415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tong, Z.; Cui, Q.; Wang, J.; Zhou, Y. TransmiR v2.0: An updated transcription factor-microRNA regulation database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019, 47, D253–D258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lewis, S.A.; Doratt, B.; Sureshchandra, S.; Pan, T.; Gonzales, S.W.; Shen, W.; Grant, K.A.; Messaoudi, I. Profiling of extracellular vesicle-bound miRNA to identify candidate biomarkers of chronic alcohol drinking in nonhuman primates. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2022, 46, 221–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Babuta, M.; Szabo, G. Extracellular vesicles in inflammation: Focus on the microRNA cargo of EVs in modulation of liver diseases. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2022, 111, 75–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jones, G. Metabolism and biomarkers of vitamin D. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig. Suppl. 2012, 243, 7–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gaffney-Stomberg, E.; Lutz, L.J.; Shcherbina, A.; Ricke, D.O.; Petrovick, M.; Cropper, T.L.; Cable, S.J.; McClung, J.P. Association Between Single Gene Polymorphisms and Bone Biomarkers and Response to Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation in Young Adults Undergoing Military Training. J. Bone Min. Res. 2017, 32, 498–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cui, A.; Zhang, T.; Xiao, P.; Fan, Z.; Wang, H.; Zhuang, Y. Global and regional prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in population-based studies from 2000 to 2022: A pooled analysis of 7.9 million participants. Front. Nutr. 2023, 10, 1070808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Carlberg, C.; Seuter, S.; de Mello, V.D.; Schwab, U.; Voutilainen, S.; Pulkki, K.; Nurmi, T.; Virtanen, J.; Tuomainen, T.P.; Uusitupa, M. Primary vitamin D target genes allow a categorization of possible benefits of vitamin D3 supplementation. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e71042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vukić, M.; Neme, A.; Seuter, S.; Saksa, N.; de Mello, V.D.; Nurmi, T.; Uusitupa, M.; Tuomainen, T.P.; Virtanen, J.K.; Carlberg, C. Relevance of vitamin D receptor target genes for monitoring the vitamin D responsiveness of primary human cells. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0124339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Carlberg, C.; Raczyk, M.; Zawrotna, N. Vitamin D: A master example of nutrigenomics. Redox Biol. 2023, 62, 102695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giangreco, A.A.; Nonn, L. The sum of many small changes: microRNAs are specifically and potentially globally altered by vitamin D3 metabolites. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2013, 136, 86–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jorde, R.; Svartberg, J.; Joakimsen, R.M.; Coucheron, D.H. Plasma profile of microRNA after supplementation with high doses of vitamin D3 for 12 months. BMC Res. Notes 2012, 5, 245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Battistini, C.; Ballan, R.; Herkenhoff, M.E.; Saad, S.M.I.; Sun, J. Vitamin D Modulates Intestinal Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 22, 362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Georgieva, E.; Ananiev, J.; Yovchev, Y.; Arabadzhiev, G.; Abrashev, H.; Abrasheva, D.; Atanasov, V.; Kostandieva, R.; Mitev, M.; Petkova-Parlapanska, K.; et al. COVID-19 Complications: Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial and Endothelial Dysfunction. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 14876. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amirkhizi, F.; Ghoreishy, S.M.; Baker, E.; Hamedi-Shahraki, S.; Asghari, S. The association of vitamin D status with oxidative stress biomarkers and matrix metalloproteinases in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Front. Nutr. 2023, 10, 1101516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Muthalagu, N.; Murphy, D.J. Is oxidative stress MYC’s Achilles heel? Cell Death Differ. 2018, 25, 1189–1190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Priya Dharshini, L.C.; Vishnupriya, S.; Sakthivel, K.M.; Rasmi, R.R. Oxidative stress responsive transcription factors in cellular signalling transduction mechanisms. Cell Signal 2020, 72, 109670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chiaradia, E.; Tancini, B.; Emiliani, C.; Delo, F.; Pellegrino, R.M.; Tognoloni, A.; Urbanelli, L.; Buratta, S. Extracellular Vesicles under Oxidative Stress Conditions: Biological Properties and Physiological Roles. Cells 2021, 10, 1763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bian, Z.; Li, L.; Cui, J.; Zhang, H.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, C.Y.; Zen, K. Role of miR-150-targeting c-Myb in colonic epithelial disruption during dextran sulphate sodium-induced murine experimental colitis and human ulcerative colitis. J. Pathol. 2011, 225, 544–553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Qi, W.; Shi, Y. miR-150-5p inhibits osteogenic differentiation of fibroblasts in ankylosing spondylitis by targeting VDR. Exp. Ther. Med. 2022, 23, 283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Beckett, E.L.; Martin, C.; Duesing, K.; Jones, P.; Furst, J.; Yates, Z.; Veysey, M.; Lucock, M. Vitamin D Receptor Genotype Modulates the Correlation between Vitamin D and Circulating Levels of let-7a/b and Vitamin D Intake in an Elderly Cohort. J. Nutr. Nutr. 2014, 7, 264–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guan, H.; Liu, C.; Chen, Z.; Wang, L.; Li, C.; Zhao, J.; Yu, Y.; Zhang, P.; Chen, W.; Jiang, A. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 up-regulates expression of hsa-let-7a-2 through the interaction of VDR/VDRE in human lung cancer A549 cells. Gene 2013, 522, 142–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Katayama, M.; Sjögren, R.J.; Egan, B.; Krook, A. miRNA let-7 expression is regulated by glucose and TNF-α by a remote upstream promoter. Biochem. J. 2015, 472, 147–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Piechota-Polanczyk, A.; Fichna, J. Review article: The role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 2014, 387, 605–620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhao, M.; Wang, S.; Zuo, A.; Zhang, J.; Wen, W.; Jiang, W.; Chen, H.; Liang, D.; Sun, J.; Wang, M. HIF-1α/JMJD1A signaling regulates inflammation and oxidative stress following hyperglycemia and hypoxia-induced vascular cell injury. Cell Mol. Biol. Lett. 2021, 26, 40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gil-Zamorano, J.; Tomé-Carneiro, J.; Lopez de Las Hazas, M.C.; Del Pozo-Acebo, L.; Crespo, M.C.; Gómez-Coronado, D.; Chapado, L.A.; Herrera, E.; Latasa, M.J.; Ruiz-Roso, M.B.; et al. Intestinal miRNAs regulated in response to dietary lipids. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 18921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sonoyama, K.; Ohsaka, F. Role of microRNAs in the crosstalk between the gut microbiota and intestinal immune system. Biosci. Microbiota Food Health 2023, 42, 222–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xiao, M.; Yang, S.; Zhou, A.; Li, T.; Liu, J.; Chen, Y.; Luo, Y.; Qian, C.; Yang, F.; Tang, B.; et al. MiR-27a-3p and miR-30b-5p inhibited-vitamin D receptor involved in the progression of tuberculosis. Front. Microbiol. 2022, 13, 1020542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yarani, R.; Shojaeian, A.; Palasca, O.; Doncheva, N.T.; Jensen, L.J.; Gorodkin, J.; Pociot, F. Differentially Expressed miRNAs in Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease. Front. Immunol. 2022, 13, 865777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, X.; Ji, L.J.; Feng, K.D.; Huang, H.; Liang, M.R.; Cheng, S.J.; Meng, X.D. Emerging role of exosomes in ulcerative colitis: Targeting NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome. World J. Gastroenterol. 2024, 30, 527–541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ocansey, D.K.W.; Zhang, L.; Wang, Y.; Yan, Y.; Qian, H.; Zhang, X.; Xu, W.; Mao, F. Exosome-mediated effects and applications in inflammatory bowel disease. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 2020, 95, 1287–1307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Altaf-Ul-Amin, M.; Karim, M.B.; Hu, P.; Ono, N.; Kanaya, S. Discovery of inflammatory bowel disease-associated miRNAs using a novel bipartite clustering approach. BMC Med. Genom. 2020, 13, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lightbody, R.J.; Taylor, J.M.W.; Dempsie, Y.; Graham, A. Induction of microRNA hsa-let-7d-5p, and repression of HMGA2, contribute protection against lipid accumulation in macrophage ‘foam’ cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids 2021, 1866, 159005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tao, S.S.; Wang, X.Y.; Yang, X.K.; Liu, Y.C.; Fu, Z.Y.; Zhang, L.Z.; Wang, Z.X.; Ni, J.; Shuai, Z.W.; Pan, H.F. COVID-19 and inflammatory bowel disease crosstalk: From emerging association to clinical proposal. J. Med. Virol. 2022, 94, 5640–5652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Papa, A.; Scaldaferri, F.; Covino, M.; Tursi, A.; Furfaro, F.; Mocci, G.; Lopetuso, L.R.; Maconi, G.; Bibbò, S.; Fiorani, M.; et al. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on the Course of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Patients Treated with Biological Therapeutic Agents: A Case-Control Study. Biomedicines 2022, 10, 843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gain, C.; Song, S.; Angtuaco, T.; Satta, S.; Kelesidis, T. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of infections with coronaviruses. Front. Microbiol. 2022, 13, 1111930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- di Filippo, L.; Frara, S.; Nannipieri, F.; Cotellessa, A.; Locatelli, M.; Rovere Querini, P.; Giustina, A. Low Vitamin D Levels Are Associated with Long COVID Syndrome in COVID-19 Survivors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2023, 108, e1106–e1116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Variable | |
---|---|
Median age (range) (n = 31) | 49.0 (34.0–55.0) |
Sex (n = 31) | 48.4% males; 51.6% females |
Type of IBD (n = 31) | 64.5% CD; 6.5% IBD-U; 29.0% UC |
Pre-study Vitamin D supplementation (n = 31) | 32.3% No; 67.7% Yes |
SARS-CoV-2 positivity (n = 31) | 54.8% No (n = 17); 45.2% Yes (n = 14) |
Hospitalization (n = 14) | 85.7% No; 14.3% Yes |
Ventilation (n = 14) | 100% No |
Death (n = 14) | 100% No |
Pneumonia (n = 14) | 92.9% No; 7.1% Yes |
Group | A | B | C | D | E | F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender [Male%-Female%]; n | [50%-50%]; 4 | [50%-50%]; 8 | [42.9%-57.1%]; 7 | [37.5%-62.5%]; 8 | [50%-50%]; 4 | [40%-60%]; 5 |
Median age (y.o.; IQR) | 56.5 (38.0–64.0) | 42.5 (39.0–50.0) | 48.5 (33.0–56.0) | 49.0 (28.5–54.5) | 48.0 (30.0–59.0) | 48.5 (25.5–57.5) |
COVID-19 anamnesis (yes/no) | yes | no | yes | no | yes | no |
Pre-study Vit.D supplementation (15,000–25,000 U/2 weeks or per month); (n) | 50% (n = 2) | 87.5 (n = 7) | 42.9% (n = 3) | 87.5 (n = 7) | 50% (n = 2) | 80% (n = 4) |
Vit.D supplementation during this study (yes/no) | no | no | no | no | yes | yes |
miRNA | logFC | p Value | Comparison |
---|---|---|---|
hsa-let-7a-5p | −1.05214423 | 0.007905004 | A vs. C |
hsa-let-7a-5p | −1.78215526 | 0.006151082 | E vs. C |
hsa-let-7d-5p | −1.22782698 | 0.003414526 | A vs. C |
hsa-let-7f-5p | 1.262294456 | 0.009947947 | C vs. D |
hsa-let-7f-5p | −1.84545328 | 0.004319857 | E vs. C |
hsa-miR-126-3p | −1.76896854 | 0.007664076 | E vs. C |
hsa-miR-126-5p | −1.71591194 | 0.007685279 | E vs. C |
hsa-miR-146a-5p | 1.472326209 | 0.009641655 | C vs. D |
hsa-miR-150-5p | 1.093716916 | 0.009059818 | C vs. D |
hsa-miR-150-5p | −1.54629612 | 0.004547162 | E vs. C |
hsa-miR-191-5p | −1.87556395 | 0.009207518 | E vs. C |
hsa-miR-21-5p | −1.35376327 | 0.007451891 | E vs. C |
hsa-miR-223-3p | −2.63160072 | 0.001610881 | E vs. C |
hsa-miR-30d-5p | −1.81395948 | 0.008396924 | E vs. C |
hsa-miR-423-5p | −1.94752558 | 0.005348262 | E vs. C |
hsa-miR-486-3p | −2.42802251 | 0.009517606 | E vs. C |
miRNA | Low Vit.D | Vit.D Supplemented | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 (SARS-CoV-2+) | P2 (SARS-CoV-2+) | P3 (SARS-CoV-2−) | P1 (SARS-CoV-2+) | P2 (SARS-CoV-2+) | P3 (SARS-CoV-2−) | |
Let-7a-5p | 1.65148345 | 0.967622724 | 0.511047209 | 2.627095884 | 2.846824659 | 0.837721773 |
Let-7f-5p | 1.600454936 | 0.723943443 | 0.303769668 | 3.508573233 | 3.54355914 | 0.876204496 |
miR150-5p | 1.645731544 | 1.614814116 | 1.11826679 | 2.655071171 | 3.350935823 | 1.013703793 |
miR30d-5p | 1.405683671 | 1.186686379 | 0.5156357 | 3.506820284 | 5.054646657 | 1.130965628 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ammirata, G.; Arigoni, M.; Licastro, D.; Caviglia, G.P.; Disabato, M.; Zubair, G.; Bezzio, C.; Saibeni, S.; De Nicolò, A.; Cusato, J.; et al. Extracellular Vesicle-Enclosed Oxidative Stress- and Inflammation-Related microRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of Vitamin D Responsivity: A Pilot Study on Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients with or without COVID-19. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 1047. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091047
Ammirata G, Arigoni M, Licastro D, Caviglia GP, Disabato M, Zubair G, Bezzio C, Saibeni S, De Nicolò A, Cusato J, et al. Extracellular Vesicle-Enclosed Oxidative Stress- and Inflammation-Related microRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of Vitamin D Responsivity: A Pilot Study on Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients with or without COVID-19. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(9):1047. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091047
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmmirata, Giorgia, Maddalena Arigoni, Danilo Licastro, Gian Paolo Caviglia, Michela Disabato, Ghania Zubair, Cristina Bezzio, Simone Saibeni, Amedeo De Nicolò, Jessica Cusato, and et al. 2024. "Extracellular Vesicle-Enclosed Oxidative Stress- and Inflammation-Related microRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of Vitamin D Responsivity: A Pilot Study on Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients with or without COVID-19" Antioxidants 13, no. 9: 1047. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091047