Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Activities of Macrosphyra Longistyla (DC) Hiern Relevant in the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Plant Extraction and Partitioning
2.3. Phytochemical Screening
2.4. Determination of the Total Phenol Content (TPC)
2.5. Determination of Total Flavonoid Contents (TFC)
2.6. Determination of Pro-Anthocyanidin Content (PAC)
2.7. DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl Hydrate) Radical Scavenging Assay
2.8. Nitric Oxide (NO) Scavenging Assay
2.9. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Assay
2.10. Cholinesterase Inhibitory Assay
2.11. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) Analysis
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tests | Observations | Inferences |
---|---|---|
1. Alkaloids | ||
a. Dragendorff | Deep yellow color | Alkaloid absent |
b. Wagner test | Orange color | Alkaloid absent |
2. Anthraquinones | ||
a. Borntrager’s test | Milky color | Anthraquinone absent |
3. Flavonoids | Yellow coloration | Flavonoids present |
4. Phenols | Dark coloration | Phenols present |
5. Tannins | Blue black coloration | Tannin present |
6. Saponin | Frothing which disappear after sometime | Saponin present |
7. Terpenoid | Dark green coloration | Terpenoids present |
Assays | ME | HF | EF | AF |
---|---|---|---|---|
% Yield | 6.18 | 4.70 | 7.11 | 40.00 |
Total phenolics (mg GAE/g) | 18.30 ± 0.04 | 7.56 ± 0.12 | 16.06 ± 0.13 | 9.02 ± 0.02 |
Total flavonoids (mg GAE/g) | 16. 07 ± 0.14 | 5.02 ± 0.01 | 10.49 ± 0.014 | 11.62 ± 0.01 |
Total tannins (mg GAE/g) | 24. 44 ± 0.32 | 2.99 ± 0.06 | 9.12 ± 0.17 | 26.11 ± 0.02 |
Assays | IC50 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ME | HF | EF | AF | Ascorbic Acid | DDM | |
DPPH scavenging | 0.090 | 0.363 | 0.079 | 0.089 | 0.006 | 0.050 |
NO scavenging | 0.008 | 5.678 | 0.056 | 0.010 | 0.072 | 0.063 |
Ferric reducing | 0.051 | 0.087 | 0.078 | 0.009 | 0.053 | 0.003 |
Assays | IC50 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ME | HF | EF | AF | Eserin | Donepezil | |
AChE | 0.556 | 25.871 | 0.914 | 0.846 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
BuChE | 5.541 | 11.957 | 23.338 | ND | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Assays | r2 Values | ||
---|---|---|---|
Total Phenolics | Total Flavonoids | Proautocyanidin | |
DPPH scavenging | 0.439 | 0.695 | 0.515 |
NO scavenging | 0.430 | 0.724 | 0.558 |
Ferric reducing | 0.012 | 0.276 | 0.801 |
AChE inhibition | 0.439 | 0.730 | 0.557 |
BuChE inhibition | 0.00154 | 0.131 | 0.325 |
S/N | Name of Identified Compounds | Retention Time (min) | % Abundance | Molecular Formula | Class of Compound | Reported Biological Effect | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2,6,8-trimethyl-decane | 27.084 | 0.084 | C13H28 | Alkane | Antifungal | [57] |
2 | 2-methyl-hexadecanal | 30.833 | 9.285 | C17H34O | Aldehyde | Antifungal | [58] |
3 | Z,Z,Z-1,4,6,9-nonadecatetraene | 34.147 | 0.349 | C19H32 | Alkene | Antioxidant | [59] |
4 | 2-dodecanone | 34.831 | 0.357 | C12H24O | Aliphatic ketones | Nematocidal | [60] |
5 | 2-pentadecanone | 35.591 | 1.630 | C15H30O | Ketone | Cytotoxic and repellant | [61,62] |
6 | 17-octadecanal | 39.211 | 0.119 | C18H36O | Long-chain aldehyde | NR | NR |
7 | Hexadecanoic acid | 39.564 | 0.152 | C16H32O2 | Saturated fatty acid | Anticancer and anthelmintic | [63,64] |
8 | 2-methyl-dodecanoic acid | 43.071 | 0.283 | C11H22O2 | Fatty acid | Antimicrobial | [65] |
9 | Neophytadiene | 43.482 | 0.109 | C20H38 | Sesquiterpene | Anti-inflammatory | [66] |
10 | 2-nonadecanone | 43.611 | 1.942 | C19H38O | Alkanone | Antimicrobial | [67] |
11 | Decanoic acid methyl ester | 46.414 | 24.303 | C11H22O2 | Fatty acid ester | Antimicrobial | [68] |
12 | Phytol | 47.053 | 0.202 | C20H40O | Diterpene alcohol | Antinociceptive, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase | [69,70] |
13 | Eicosanoic acid ethyl ester | 48.585 | 5.265 | C22H44O2 | Fatty acid | Anticancer | [71] |
14 | Pentadecanoic acid | 48.592 | 9.300 | C15H30O2 | Saturated fatty acid | Anthelmintic | [64] |
15 | tetradecanoic acid-12-methyl-methyl ester | 49.580 | 0.048 | C16H32O2 | Fatty acid | Anticancer and antifungal | [72,73] |
16 | 11,14-eicosadienoic acid methyl ester | 51.562 | 16.788 | C21H38O2 | Fatty acid | Antioxidant and anti-amylase | [74] |
17 | 8,11,14-ecosatrienoic acid | 51.712 | 2.299 | C20H34O2 | Omega fatty acid | Atopic dermatitis and malignant hypertension | [75,76] |
18 | Z-methyl-hexadec-11-enoate | 51.963 | 4.204 | C17H32O2 | Fatty acid methyl ester | Antimicrobial | [77] |
19 | Dodecanoic acid-10-methyl-methyl ester | 52.643 | 1.957 | C14H28O2 | Fatty acid methyl ester | Anticoagulant | [78] |
20 | Linoelaidic acid | 53.559 | 10.444 | C18H32O2 | Omega-6 trans fatty acid | Anticholinesterase, anti-mycobacterium, anticancer, and antioxidant | [79,80,81,82] |
21 | Z,E-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol | 53.763 | 2.707 | C18H34O | Fatty alcohol | Antimicrobial | [83] |
22 | (Z)-methyl-Heptadec-9-enoate | 53.953 | 0.179 | C18H34O2 | Fatty acid | Antibiotic | [84] |
23 | Hexadecanoic acid-2-methyl-methyl ester | 54.615 | 1.139 | C18H36O2 | Fatty acid methyl esters | Antimicrobial and antioxidant | [85] |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Elufioye, T.O.; Chinaka, C.G.; Oyedeji, A.O. Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Activities of Macrosphyra Longistyla (DC) Hiern Relevant in the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 400. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8090400
Elufioye TO, Chinaka CG, Oyedeji AO. Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Activities of Macrosphyra Longistyla (DC) Hiern Relevant in the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease. Antioxidants. 2019; 8(9):400. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8090400
Chicago/Turabian StyleElufioye, Taiwo O., Chidimma G. Chinaka, and Adebola O. Oyedeji. 2019. "Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Activities of Macrosphyra Longistyla (DC) Hiern Relevant in the Management of Alzheimer’s Disease" Antioxidants 8, no. 9: 400. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8090400