COVID-19 Bivalent Booster in Pregnancy: Maternal and Neonatal Antibody Response to Omicron BA.5, BQ.1, BF.7 and XBB.1.5 SARS-CoV-2
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. The Study Scheme for Collection of Samples and Clinical Data
2.3. Neutralizing Antibody (Nab) Inhibition Test of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5, BF.7, BQ.1, and XBB.1.5 Variants
2.4. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Participants Characteristics
3.2. Neutralizing Antibody Inhibition Rates
3.3. Impact of Interval between Bivalent COVID-19 Vaccine and Childbirth to Neutralizing Antibody Inhibition Rates
3.4. Impact of Interval between the Third Dose COVID-19 Vaccine and Spikevax Bivalent Vaccine on Neutralizing Antibody Inhibition Rates
3.5. Impact of Previous COVID-19 Vaccine Combinations to Neutralizing Antibody Inhibition Rates
3.6. Maternal and Neonatal Clinical Factors and Neutralizing Antibody Inhibition Rates
4. Discussion
4.1. The Effectiveness of Bivalent COVID-19 Vaccination
4.2. The Bivalent COVID-19 Vaccination for Pregnant Women and the Neonates
4.3. Different Factors Related to Neutralizing Antibody Inhibition after Bivalent COVID-19 Vaccination in Pregnant Women
4.4. Clinical Significance of Our Current Study
4.5. Limitation of Our Current Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N (Total N = 11) | Percentage (%) | |
---|---|---|
Median age, years (range) | 33 (27–43) | |
Previous parity | ||
0 | 2 | 18.18 |
1 | 4 | 36.36 |
2 | 4 | 36.36 |
3 | 1 | 9.09 |
Median BMI (range) | 28.12 (21.64–29.94) | |
Delivery weeks | ||
38 weeks | 3 | 27.27 |
39 weeks | 4 | 36.36 |
40 weeks | 4 | 36.36 |
Interval to delivery | ||
0–4 weeks | 4 | 36.36 |
5–8 weeks | 4 | 36.36 |
9–12 weeks | 1 | 9.09 |
>12 weeks | 2 | 18.18 |
Interval between 3rd and 4th COVID vaccine | ||
36–40 weeks | 2 | 18.18 |
41–44 weeks | 5 | 45.45 |
45–48 weeks | 2 | 18.18 |
>48 weeks | 2 | 18.18 |
Tdap vaccine | ||
Yes | 10 | 90.90 |
No | 1 | 9.09 |
Flu vaccine | ||
Yes | 9 | 81.81 |
No | 2 | 18.18 |
Previous COVID vaccine | ||
2 AZ before | 5 | 45.45 |
1 AZ before | 1 | 9.09 |
No AZ before | 5 | 45.45 |
Median neonatal body weight, gm (range) | 3150 (2520–3555) | |
Neonatal gender | ||
Male | 8 | 72.73 |
Female | 3 | 27.27 |
Interval | N | BA.5 | BF.7 | BQ.1 | XBB.1.5 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MB (%) | CB (%) | Ratio | MB (%) | CB (%) | Ratio | MB (%) | CB (%) | Ratio | MB (%) | CB (%) | Ratio | ||
<4 weeks | 4 a | 95.58 | 62.51 | 0.66 | 97.89 | 68.20 | 0.69 | 88.55 | 45.84 | 0.54 | 94.44 | 53.55 | 0.56 |
≥4 weeks | 7 b | 86.30 | 91.85 | 1.04 | 95.62 | 96.02 | 1.00 | 89.96 | 94.19 | 1.06 | 89.51 | 93.73 | 1.06 |
p value | 0.558 | 0.286 | 0.643 | 0.500 | 0.143 | 0.071 | 0.500 | 0.143 | 0.143 | 0.889 | 0.143 | 0.071 | |
<8 weeks | 8 c | 88.87 | 82.72 | 0.91 | 96.15 | 85.52 | 0.88 | 87.20 | 73.61 | 0.87 | 90.39 | 78.59 | 0.88 |
≥8 weeks | 3 | 87.34 | 87.52 | 1.00 | 96.08 | 94.97 | 0.980 | 94.54 | 96.25 | 1.02 | 91.02 | 92.18 | 1.01 |
p value | 0.905 | 0.571 | 0.393 | 0.905 | 1.000 | 0.786 | 0.262 | 0.393 | 1.000 | 0.548 | 0.786 | 1.000 | |
<12 weeks | 9 c | 90.04 | 85.20 | 0.93 | 96.39 | 87.48 | 0.90 | 88.72 | 77.29 | 0.89 | 91.19 | 81.42 | 0.90 |
≥12 weeks | 2 | 82.47 | 82.47 | 1.00 | 95.22 | 93.84 | 0.98 | 92.87 | 96.54 | 1.04 | 88.57 | 90.47 | 1.02 |
p value | 1.000 | 0.857 | 0.286 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.857 | 0.667 | 0.429 | 0.643 | 0.889 | 0.857 | 0.857 |
Interval | N | BA.5 | BF.7 | BQ.1 | XBB.1.5 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MB (%) | CB (%) | Ratio | MB (%) | CB (%) | Ratio | MB (%) | CB (%) | Ratio | MB (%) | CB (%) | Ratio | ||
≤40 weeks | 2 | 85.78 | 95.35 | 1.11 | 95.84 | 96.76 | 1.01 | 80.57 | 89.33 | 1.13 | 83.12 | 94.47 | 1.15 |
>40 weeks | 9 a | 89.09 | 80.91 | 0.89 | 96.21 | 86.50 | 0.90 | 92.24 | 79.69 | 0.86 | 92.75 | 80.09 | 0.86 |
p value | 0.500 | 0.857 | 0.071 | 1.000 | 0.429 | 0.143 | 0.500 | 0.857 | 0.143 | 0.222 | 0.643 | 0.071 | |
≤44 weeks | 7 b | 86.67 | 77.15 | 0.91 | 95.62 | 84.94 | 0.89 | 87.81 | 75.97 | 0.89 | 87.12 | 77.38 | 0.91 |
>44 weeks | 4 c | 90.47 | 96.79 | 1.00 | 96.76 | 95.95 | 0.98 | 91.94 | 92.32 | 0.99 | 94.96 | 94.19 | 0.98 |
p value | 0.730 | 0.250 | 1.000 | 0.730 | 0.780 | 0.571 | 0.556 | 0.571 | 0.250 | 0.286 | 0.571 | 0.250 | |
≤48 weeks | 9 b | 89.32 | 82.65 | 0.94 | 96.27 | 87.90 | 0.91 | 88.61 | 80.16 | 0.92 | 89.81 | 81.98 | 0.93 |
>48 weeks | 2 c | 84.99 | 97.61 | 1.01 | 95.62 | 97.25 | 0.99 | 93.28 | 95.67 | 0.98 | 93.41 | 95.59 | 1.00 |
p value | 0.667 | 0.750 | 1.000 | 0.667 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.667 | 1.000 | 0.500 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.750 |
Vaccines | N | BA.5 | BF.7 | BQ.1 | XBB.1.5 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MB (%) | CB (%) | Ratio | MB (%) | CB (%) | Ratio | MB (%) | CB (%) | Ratio | MB (%) | CB (%) | Ratio | ||
AZ included | 6 a | 80.94 | 87.97 | 1.06 | 95.03 | 93.98 | 0.98 | 84.11 | 89.14 | 1.09 | 86.39 | 90.22 | 1.07 |
No AZ | 5 b | 97.63 | 81.06 | 0.83 | 97.50 | 84.16 | 0.86 | 96.57 | 75.06 | 0.77 | 95.88 | 77.15 | 0.79 |
p value | 0.016 | 0.343 | 0.114 | 0.111 | 0.886 | 0.886 | 0.032 | 0.486 | 0.114 | 0.032 | 0.686 | 0.200 | |
2 AZ | 5 a | 78.95 | 85.11 | 1.05 | 94.28 | 92.62 | 0.98 | 81.22 | 86.34 | 1.11 | 84.66 | 87.67 | 1.08 |
1 AZ | 1 | 88.91 | 96.55 | 1.09 | 98.06 | 98.05 | 1.00 | 95.63 | 97.53 | 1.02 | 93.30 | 97.90 | 1.05 |
No AZ | 5 b | 97.63 | 81.06 | 0.83 | 97.50 | 84.16 | 0.86 | 96.57 | 75.06 | 0.77 | 95.88 | 77.15 | 0.80 |
p value | 0.046 | 0.400 | 0.200 | 0.088 | 0.201 | 0.806 | 0.046 | 0.392 | 0.223 | 0.083 | 0.311 | 0.297 | |
2 AZ | 5 a | 78.95 | 85.11 | 1.05 | 94.28 | 92.62 | 0.98 | 81.22 | 86.34 | 1.11 | 84.66 | 87.66 | 1.08 |
1 or no AZ | 6 b | 95.88 | 84.16 | 0.88 | 97.61 | 86.94 | 0.89 | 96.38 | 79.55 | 0.82 | 95.36 | 81.30 | 0.85 |
p value | 0.032 | 0.250 | 0.393 | 0.032 | 0.250 | 1.000 | 0.016 | 0.250 | 0.250 | 0.063 | 0.250 | 0.571 |
Maternal Condition | N | BA.5 | BF.7 | BQ.1 | XBB.1.5 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MB (%) | CB (%) | Ratio | MB (%) | CB (%) | Ratio | MB (%) | CB (%) | Ratio | MB (%) | CB (%) | Ratio | ||
Age < 34 | 6 a | 91.97 | 96.13 | 1.05 | 96.64 | 96.23 | 1.00 | 87.67 | 91.02 | 1.05 | 90.78 | 94.09 | 1.05 |
Age ≥ 34 | 5 b | 83.85 | 65.15 | 0.77 | 95.49 | 77.14 | 0.81 | 92.11 | 67.23 | 0.73 | 90.39 | 66.34 | 0.75 |
p value | 0.905 | 0.571 | 0.036 | 1.000 | 0.393 | 0.250 | 0.905 | 1.000 | 0786 | 0.905 | 0.571 | 0.571 | |
BMI < 28 | 5 b | 89.12 | 97.34 | 1.03 | 96.33 | 97.67 | 1.00 | 94.61 | 96.97 | 1.00 | 94.13 | 96.80 | 1.02 |
BMI ≥ 28 | 6 a | 87.75 | 76.82 | 0.89 | 95.97 | 83.91 | 0.88 | 85.67 | 73.18 | 0.88 | 87.79 | 75.81 | 0.88 |
p value | 1.000 | 0.250 | 0.571 | 0.905 | 0.143 | 0.393 | 0.286 | 0.250 | 1.000 | 0.730 | 0.250 | 0.786 |
N | BA.5 | BF.7 | BQ.1 | XBB.1.5 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MB (%) | CB (%) | Ratio | MB (%) | CB (%) | Ratio | MB (%) | CB (%) | Ratio | MB (%) | CB (%) | Ratio | ||
NBW < 3000 g | 3 | 97.64 | 75.46 | 0.77 | 97.99 | 79.65 | 0.81 | 96.67 | 67.51 | 0.69 | 95.71 | 70.56 | 0.73 |
NBW ≥ 3000 g | 8 a | 83.72 | 89.95 | 1.05 | 95.20 | 94.72 | 0.99 | 86.13 | 90.86 | 1.07 | 88.06 | 91.56 | 1.06 |
p value | 0.037 | 0.590 | 0.354 | 0.036 | 0.490 | 0.433 | 0.165 | 0.512 | 0.330 | 0.112 | 0.508 | 0.350 | |
NBW < 3100 g | 5 b | 97.64 | 75.46 | 0.77 | 97.99 | 79.65 | 0.81 | 96.67 | 67.51 | 0.69 | 95.71 | 70.56 | 0.73 |
NBW ≥ 3100 g | 6 c | 83.72 | 89.95 | 1.05 | 95.20 | 94.72 | 0.99 | 86.13 | 90.86 | 1.07 | 88.06 | 91.56 | 1.06 |
p value | 0.037 | 0.590 | 0.354 | 0.036 | 0.490 | 0.433 | 0.165 | 0.512 | 0.330 | 0.112 | 0.508 | 0.350 | |
NBW < 3200 g | 6 b | 89.90 | 73.27 | 0.83 | 96.58 | 82.17 | 0.85 | 94.41 | 74.34 | 0.79 | 91.65 | 73.65 | 0.81 |
NBW ≥ 3200 g | 5 c | 87.13 | 95.77 | 1.06 | 95.77 | 95.97 | 1.00 | 85.83 | 89.86 | 1.07 | 89.77 | 93.71 | 1.06 |
p value | 0.752 | 0.255 | 0.238 | 0.641 | 0.365 | 0.368 | 0.244 | 0.514 | 0.288 | 0.768 | 0.366 | 0.292 | |
Male baby | 8 d | 89.09 | 80.91 | 0.89 | 96.21 | 86.50 | 0.90 | 92.24 | 79.69 | 0.86 | 92.75 | 80.09 | 0.86 |
Female baby | 3 e | 85.78 | 95.35 | 1.11 | 95.84 | 96.76 | 1.01 | 80.57 | 89.33 | 1.13 | 83.12 | 94.47 | 1.15 |
p value | 0.751 | 0.508 | 0.328 | 0.858 | 0.541 | 0.517 | 0.579 | 0.729 | 0.387 | 0.175 | 0.556 | 0.297 |
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Chen, W.-C.; Hu, S.-Y.; Shen, C.-F.; Chuang, H.-Y.; Ker, C.-R.; Shen, C.-J.; Cheng, C.-M. COVID-19 Bivalent Booster in Pregnancy: Maternal and Neonatal Antibody Response to Omicron BA.5, BQ.1, BF.7 and XBB.1.5 SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines 2023, 11, 1425. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11091425
Chen W-C, Hu S-Y, Shen C-F, Chuang H-Y, Ker C-R, Shen C-J, Cheng C-M. COVID-19 Bivalent Booster in Pregnancy: Maternal and Neonatal Antibody Response to Omicron BA.5, BQ.1, BF.7 and XBB.1.5 SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines. 2023; 11(9):1425. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11091425
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Wei-Chun, Shu-Yu Hu, Ching-Fen Shen, Hui-Yu Chuang, Chin-Ru Ker, Ching-Ju Shen, and Chao-Min Cheng. 2023. "COVID-19 Bivalent Booster in Pregnancy: Maternal and Neonatal Antibody Response to Omicron BA.5, BQ.1, BF.7 and XBB.1.5 SARS-CoV-2" Vaccines 11, no. 9: 1425. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11091425