Epidemiological Changes in Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis: Evidence from In Vivo Data and Autoptic Series
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Pathophysiology
3. Anatomopathological Findings
3.1. Gross Findings
3.2. Histological Findings
4. Epidemiological Changes
4.1. Main Population Features
4.1.1. Sex Distribution
4.1.2. Geographic and Ethnic Distribution
4.2. Evidence of Epidemiologic Evolution
4.2.1. Registries of Diagnosed Patients
4.2.2. Epidemiological Data from Specific Clinical Settings
4.2.3. Epidemiological Data from Autoptic Studies
5. Cardiac Clinical Manifestations
6. Red Flags
6.1. Extracardiac Manifestations
6.2. First-Line Diagnostic Tools
6.2.1. Electrocardiography
6.2.2. Echocardiography
6.2.3. Serum Blood Tests
7. Diagnosis
7.1. Non-Invasive Diagnostic Algorithm
7.2. Invasive Diagnostic Tools
7.3. Genetic Testing
8. Treatment
8.1. Specific Treatment
8.2. Treatment of Comorbidities
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Authors | Year of Publication | Setting | Geographic Area | Date of Study Beginning | Prevalence Rate at Beginning | Date of Study Ending | Prevalence Rate at End | Sex Distribution |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lauppe et al. [53] | 2021 | National registries | Sweden | 2008 | 1.0 per 100,000 person-years | 2018 | 5.0 per 100,000 person-years | 30% female |
Lauppe et al. [54] | 2022 | National registries | Norway | 2018 | 1.1 per 100,000 person-years | 2018 | 3.7 per 100,000 person-years | 24.4% female |
Cappelli et al. [55] | 2023 | Regional registries | Tuscany | N/A | N/A | 2022 | 90.3 per 1,000,000 persons for ATTRwt 9.5 per 1,000,000 persons for ATTRv | Predominance of male sex |
Gilstrap et al. [56] | 2019 | Medicare beneficiaries registries | United States of America | 2000 | 8 to 17 per 100,000 person-years | 2012 | 18 to 55 per 100,000 person-years | 51.7% female |
Authors | Year of Publication | Methods of the Study | Subjects | Cardiac Amyloidosis Prevalence | ATTR-CM (% of CA Patients) | Sex Distribution |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lie et al. [72] | 1988 | Autopsy on unselected deceased humans 90–105 years old | 237 | 21% | 100 | 61% female |
Roberts et al. [73] | 1998 | Autopsy on unselected deceased humans ≥ 80 years old | 490 | 4% | N/A* | 49% female |
Tanskanen et al. [74] | 2008 | Autopsy on unselected deceased humans > 85 years old | 256 | 5% | 100 | N/A* |
Porcari et al. [75] | 2021 | Autopsy on unselected deceased humans ≥ 75 years old | 56 | 29% | 50 | 57% female |
Corwell et al. [76] | 1983 | Autopsy on unselected deceased humans ≥ 80 years old | 85 | 25% | 100 | 47% female |
Mohammed et al. [77] | 2014 | Autopsy on patients with antemortem-diagnosed HFpEF | 109 | 5% (moderate to severe amyloid deposition) | N/A* | 80% males |
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Cianci, V.; Cianci, A.; Sapienza, D.; Cracò, A.; Germanà, A.; Ieni, A.; Gualniera, P.; Asmundo, A.; Mondello, C. Epidemiological Changes in Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis: Evidence from In Vivo Data and Autoptic Series. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 5140. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175140
Cianci V, Cianci A, Sapienza D, Cracò A, Germanà A, Ieni A, Gualniera P, Asmundo A, Mondello C. Epidemiological Changes in Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis: Evidence from In Vivo Data and Autoptic Series. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(17):5140. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175140
Chicago/Turabian StyleCianci, Vincenzo, Alessio Cianci, Daniela Sapienza, Annalisa Cracò, Antonino Germanà, Antonio Ieni, Patrizia Gualniera, Alessio Asmundo, and Cristina Mondello. 2024. "Epidemiological Changes in Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis: Evidence from In Vivo Data and Autoptic Series" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 17: 5140. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175140