Memory-Guided Saccades and Non-Motor Symptoms Improve after Botulinum Toxin Therapy in Cervical Dystonia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.2. Eye Movement Evaluation
2.3. Motor and Non-Motor Symptom Evaluation; BoNT/A Administration
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Motor Symptoms in Patients with CD before and after BoNT/A
3.2. Non-Motor Symptoms in Patients with CD before and after BoNT/A
3.3. Eye Movements in Patients with CD before and after BoNT/A
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Data | Median (IQR) |
---|---|
Age (years) | 63.00 (53.00–69.25) |
CD duration (years) | 10.00 (8.75–13.00) |
BoNT/A therapy median (years) | 7.50 (4.75–9.00) |
BoNT/A dosage (units) | 150.00 (150.00–250.00) |
Tsui Scale | Median (IQR) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Before BoNT/A | After BoNT/A | ||
Tsui A (amplitude of sustained movements) | 2.5 (2.0–4.0) | 2.0 (1.0–2.25) | 0.003 |
Tsui B (duration of sustained movements) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | 0.058 |
Tsui C (shoulder elevation) | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 1.0 (0.0–1.0) | 0.124 |
Tsui D (tremor) | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 1.0 (0.0–2.0) | 0.206 |
Total score [(A) × (B)] + (C) + (D) | 6.5 (4.75–9.25) | 5.0 (3.0–6.25) | 0.001 |
Non-Motor Symptom Scale | Median (IQR) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Before BoNT/A | After BoNT/A | ||
ACE-R Domains | |||
Orientation | 10.0 (10.0–10.0) | 10.0 (10.0–10.0) | >0.99 |
Attention | 7.5 (6.0–8.0) | 8.0 (6.0–8.0) | 0.810 |
Memory | 23.5 (17.0–25.0) | 24.0 (22.25–26.0) | 0.003 |
Verbal fluency | 10.5 (7.0–12.0) | 12.0 (10.0–14.0) | 0.002 |
Language | 25.0 (23.0–26.0) | 26.0 (24.75–26.0) | 0.02 |
Visuospatial skills | 16.0 (16.0–16.0) (9–16) † | 16.0 (15.0–16.0) (13–16) † | 0.30 |
ACE-R total | 89.0 (79.0–95.0) | 94.5 (87.0–98.0) | <0.001 |
BAI | 5.0 (1.0–20.0) | 4.0 (2.0–15.0) | 0.04 |
BDI-II | 4.5 (2.0–8.0) | 3.0 (1.0–5.0) | 0.02 |
TWSTRS disability | 14.5 (8.5–20.5) | 6.0 (2.0–13.0) | 0.004 |
TWSTRS pain | 7.75 (4.69–9.75) | 4.5 (0.0–8.0) | 0.001 |
Variable | Median (IQR) | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Before BoNT/A | After BoNT/A | ||
Smooth pursuit | |||
Horizontal prosaccade expression 1600 ms | 0.5804 (0.5161–0.6503) | 0.5619 (0.5226–0.6386) | 0.48 |
Horizontal prosaccade reaction time 1600 ms | 0.007779 (0.06382–0.01273) | 0.007464 (0.0054950.01302) | 0.66 |
Vertical prosaccade expression 1600 ms | 0.5591 (0.4780–0.6344) | 0.5327 (0.4978–0.5943) | 0.60 |
Vertical prosaccade reaction time 1600 ms | 0.01078 (0.006189–0.01437) | 0.006783 (0.005085–0.01302) | 0.42 |
Prosaccadic expression (MSE) | |||
Latency | 7.59 (7.34–7.99) | 7.37 (6.91–7.86) | 0.57 |
Speed | 2.86 (2.58–3.19) | 2.99 (2.79–3.18) | 0.77 |
Accuracy | 3.74 (2.81–4.71) | 3.21 (2.91–4.15) | 0.52 |
Memory-guided saccade sequence | |||
Correct onward count | 0.0 (0.0–4.0) | 4.0 (0.0–6.0) | <0.001 |
Correct backward count | 0.0 (0.0–1.0) | 2.0 (0.0–5.0) | 0.054 |
Overall correct count | 0.0 (0.0–5.0) | 5.5 (0.0–9.0) | 0.005 |
Antisaccades | ms | ms | |
Reaction time/latency | 522.9 (479.5–538.1) | 510.2 (443.8–605.4) | 0.87 |
Antisaccade directional errors | 0.0 (0.0–2.0) | 1.0 (0.0–4.0) | 0.06 |
Countermanding inhibition errors | 2.0 (0.0–6.25) | 1.0 (0.0–2.25) | 0.07 |
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Gilman Kuric, T.; Popovic, Z.; Matosa, S.; Sadikov, A.; Groznik, V.; Georgiev, D.; Gerbasi, A.; Kragujevic, J.; Mirosevic Zubonja, T.; Krivdic Dupan, Z.; et al. Memory-Guided Saccades and Non-Motor Symptoms Improve after Botulinum Toxin Therapy in Cervical Dystonia. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 5708. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195708
Gilman Kuric T, Popovic Z, Matosa S, Sadikov A, Groznik V, Georgiev D, Gerbasi A, Kragujevic J, Mirosevic Zubonja T, Krivdic Dupan Z, et al. Memory-Guided Saccades and Non-Motor Symptoms Improve after Botulinum Toxin Therapy in Cervical Dystonia. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(19):5708. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195708
Chicago/Turabian StyleGilman Kuric, Tihana, Zvonimir Popovic, Sara Matosa, Aleksander Sadikov, Vida Groznik, Dejan Georgiev, Alessia Gerbasi, Jagoda Kragujevic, Tea Mirosevic Zubonja, Zdravka Krivdic Dupan, and et al. 2024. "Memory-Guided Saccades and Non-Motor Symptoms Improve after Botulinum Toxin Therapy in Cervical Dystonia" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 19: 5708. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195708