Changes in the Physical Function and Psychological Distress from Pre-Implant to 1, 6, and 12 Months Post-Implant in Patients Undergoing Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Procedure
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Physical Function and Psychological Distress of Primary Versus Secondary ICD Therapy at Pre-Implant and 1, 6, and 12 months Post-Implant
3.3. Changes in Physical Function and Psychological Distress from Pre-Implant to 12 months Post-Implant
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total (n = 34) | Primary ICD (n = 19) | Secondary ICD (n = 15) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD/Median (Q1–Q3) or N (%) | ||||
Age (years) | 56.2 ± 12.0 | 60.3 ± 10.3 | 51.0 ± 12.4 | 0.023 |
Sex (male) | 25 (73.5) | 13 (68.4) | 12 (80.0) | 0.697 |
Marital status | ||||
Married | 29 (85.3) | 18 (94.7) | 11 (73.3) | 0.210 |
Never married | 2 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (13.3) | |
Divorced | 3 (8.8) | 1 (5.3) | 2 (13.3) | |
Education | ||||
<High school | 11 (32.4) | 8 (42.1) | 3 (20.0) | 0.429 |
=High school | 6 (17.7) | 3 (15.8) | 3 (20.0) | |
≥College | 17 (50.0) | 8 (42.1) | 9 (60.0) | |
LVEF (%) | 33.5 (28.0–58.0) | 29.0 (26.0–33.0) | 58.0 (42.9–63.0) | 0.001 |
NYHA class (n = 33) | ||||
I | 17 (51.5) | 11 (57.9) | 6 (42.9) | 0.781 |
II | 13 (39.4) | 7 (36.8) | 6 (42.9) | |
III | 2 (6.1) | 1 (5.3) | 1 (7.1) | |
IV | 1 (3.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (7.1) | |
Comorbidities (yes) | ||||
Myocardial infarction | 10 (29.4) | 9 (47.4) | 1 (6.7) | 0.020 |
Hypertension | 13 (38.2) | 10 (52.6) | 3 (20.0) | 0.052 |
Atrial fibrillation | 7 (20.6) | 5 (29.4) | 2 (13.3) | 0.403 |
Diabetes mellitus | 6 (17.6) | 3 (15.8) | 3 (20.0) | >0.999 |
Prescribed medicine | ||||
Amiodarone | 8 (23.5) | 6 (31.6) | 2 (13.3) | 0.213 |
Aspirin | 8 (23.5) | 6 (31.6) | 2 (13.3) | 0.213 |
ACEi | 8 (23.5) | 5 (26.3) | 3 (20.0) | 0.666 |
ARB | 15 (44.1) | 11 (57.9) | 4 (26.7) | 0.069 |
BB | 21 (61.8) | 14 (73.7) | 7 (46.7) | 0.107 |
Diuretics | 21 (61.8) | 15 (79.0) | 6 (40.0) | 0.020 |
Statins | 16 (47.0) | 13 (68.4) | 3 (20.0) | 0.005 |
Variables | Time Points | n | Total | Primary ICD | Secondary ICD | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical function | Pre | 34 | 50.6 (37.8–67.8) | 38.8 (32.3–59.8) | 57.8 (46.3–76.8) | 0.026 |
1 month | 29 | 35.2 (27.3–57.3) | 35.8 (27.3–51.8) | 34.0 (26.3–65.05) | 0.842 | |
6 months | 32 | 46.8 (38.0–62.6) | 46.8 (29.3–59.8) | 46.8 (38.8–67.8) | 0.366 | |
12 months | 31 | 46.3 (33.3–62.3) | 43.8 (32.3–59.8) | 58.3 (41.3–67.8) | 0.109 | |
Anxiety | Pre | 34 | 5.0 (2.0–7.0) | 5 (2–7) | 5 (1–7) | 0.688 |
1 month | 29 | 2.0 (1.0–7.0) | 2 (1–4) | 3 (1–8) | 0.324 | |
6 months | 30 | 4.0 (2.0–6.0) | 5 (2–7) | 4 (2–6) | 0.969 | |
12 months | 30 | 2.5 (1.0–6.0) | 4 (1–6) | 2 (0–7) | 0.572 | |
Depressive symptoms | Pre | 34 | 4.0 (3.0–7.0) | 4 (3–7) | 4 (2–8) | >0.999 |
1 month | 29 | 3.0 (1.0–6.0) | 3 (1–5) | 3 (0–7) | >0.999 | |
6 months | 30 | 3.0 (1.0–5.0) | 3 (1–6) | 1 (1–4) | 0.382 | |
12 months | 30 | 2.0 (1.0–6.0) | 4 (1–6) | 1 (0–8) | 0.446 |
Variables | Effect | B | SE | 95% CI | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical function | Intercept | 31.90 | 7.28 | 17.13, 46.66 | <0.0001 | |
LVEF | 0.41 | 0.17 | 0.07, 0.74 | 0.019 | ||
Time | 0 vs. 1 mo | −10.05 | 3.20 | −16.57, −3.52 | 0.004 | |
1 vs. 6 mo | 8.34 | 3.62 | 0.96, 15.72 | 0.028 | ||
6 vs. 12 mo | 0.18 | 2.15 | −4.19, 4.56 | 0.932 | ||
Anxiety | Intercept | 4.68 | 0.52 | 3.61, 5.74 | <0.0001 | |
Time | 0 vs. 1 mo | −1.20 | 0.49 | −2.19, −0.20 | 0.020 | |
1 vs. 6 mo | 0.80 | 0.80 | −0.83, 2.43 | 0.324 | ||
6 vs. 12 mo | −1.03 | 0.50 | −2.06, 0.00 | 0.050 | ||
Depressive symptoms | Intercept | 4.76 | 0.53 | 3.70, 5.83 | <0.0001 | |
Time | 0 vs. 1 mo | −1.15 | 0.53 | −2.22, −0.08 | 0.037 | |
1 vs. 6 mo | −0.03 | 0.79 | −1.64, 1.58 | 0.969 | ||
6 vs. 12 mo | −0.20 | 0.45 | −1.12, 0.72 | 0.661 |
Variables | Effect | B | SE | 95% CI | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical function | Intercept | 31.15 | 11.01 | 8.82, 53.48 | 0.008 | |
LVEF | 0.42 | 0.20 | 0.01, 0.83 | 0.045 | ||
Group (primary) | 0.58 | 6.33 | −12.27, 13.43 | 0.928 | ||
Time | 0 vs. 1 mo | −10.05 | 3.20 | −16.57, −3.52 | 0.004 | |
1 vs. 6 mo | 8.34 | 3.62 | 0.96, 15.72 | 0.028 | ||
6 vs. 12 mo | 0.19 | 2.15 | −4.19, 4.56 | 0.932 | ||
Anxiety | Intercept | 4.67 | 0.75 | 3.16, 6.18 | <0.0001 | |
Group (primary) | 0.01 | 0.96 | −1.94, 1.96 | 0.992 | ||
Time | 0 vs. 1 mo | −1.20 | 0.49 | −2.19, −0.20 | 0.020 | |
1 vs. 6 mo | 0.80 | 0.80 | −0.83, 2.43 | 0.324 | ||
6 vs. 12 mo | −1.03 | 0.50 | −2.06, 0.00 | 0.050 | ||
Depressive symptoms | Intercept | 4.74 | 0.76 | 3.21, 6.27 | <0.0001 | |
Group (primary) | 0.04 | 0.98 | −1.94, 2.03 | 0.965 | ||
Time | 0 vs. 1 mo | −1.15 | 0.53 | −2.22, −0.08 | 0.037 | |
1 vs. 6 mo | −0.03 | 0.79 | −1.64, 1.58 | 0.969 | ||
6 vs. 12 mo | −0.20 | 0.45 | −1.12, 0.72 | 0.661 |
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Kim, J.; Park, J.-K.; Choi, J.; Kim, S.H.; On, Y.K.; Shin, M.-S.; Choi, N.; Heo, S. Changes in the Physical Function and Psychological Distress from Pre-Implant to 1, 6, and 12 Months Post-Implant in Patients Undergoing Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020307
Kim J, Park J-K, Choi J, Kim SH, On YK, Shin M-S, Choi N, Heo S. Changes in the Physical Function and Psychological Distress from Pre-Implant to 1, 6, and 12 Months Post-Implant in Patients Undergoing Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(2):307. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020307
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, JinShil, Jin-Kyu Park, Jiin Choi, Sun Hwa Kim, Young Keun On, Mi-Seung Shin, NaYeon Choi, and Seongkum Heo. 2020. "Changes in the Physical Function and Psychological Distress from Pre-Implant to 1, 6, and 12 Months Post-Implant in Patients Undergoing Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 2: 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020307