Provenance Analysis of the Northern Offshore Mud Area of the Shandong Peninsula, China, Spanning the Last 2000 Years
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Geological Setting
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sample Collection
3.2. AMS 14C Dating
3.3. Grain-Size Analysis
3.4. Clay Mineralogic Analysis
3.5. Geochemical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Grain-Size Analysis
4.2. Sediment Chronology
4.3. Clay Minerals
4.4. MgO/Al2O3 and Sr/Ca Ratios
5. Discussion
5.1. Provenance Identification of the Mud Area
Rivers | Illite/% | Smectite/% | Chlorite/% | Kaolinite/% | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yellow River | 61 | 21 | 9 | 9 | Liu et al., 2010 [2] |
63 | 15 | 13 | 10 | Fan et al., 2001 [48] | |
65 | 14 | 12 | 9 | Milliman et al., 1985 [49] | |
56 | 21 | 13 | 10 | Xu et al., 2009 [50] | |
59 | 23 | 9 | 9 | Xu, 1985 [51] | |
67 | 13 | 12 | 8 | Ren, 1986 [52] | |
62 | 16 | 12 | 10 | Yang, 1988 [53] | |
62 | 12 | 16 | 10 | Yang et al., 2003 [54] | |
60 | 10 | 18 | 12 | Yang et al., 2003 [54] | |
55 | 13 | 18 | 13 | This paper | |
60 | 15 | 13 | 11 | This paper | |
56 | 17 | 16 | 11 | This paper | |
57 | 17 | 15 | 11 | This paper | |
64 | 13 | 14 | 9 | This paper | |
Yangtze River | 71 | 7 | 13 | 9 | Fan et al., 2001 [48] |
65 | 10 | 11 | 14 | Yang, 1988 [53] | |
66 | 2 | 17 | 15 | He et al., 2013 [55] | |
68 | 6 | 14 | 13 | Xu, 1983 [56] | |
71 | 7 | 14 | 8 | Lu et al., 2015 [57] | |
Shandong Peninsula rivers | 58 | 25 | 10 | 8 | Liu et al., 2022 [47] |
58 | 24 | 7 | 11 | Liu et al., 2022 [47] | |
59 | 24 | 7 | 10 | Liu et al., 2022 [47] | |
64 | 19 | 9 | 8 | Liu et al., 2022 [47] | |
57 | 12 | 15 | 16 | Hu et al., 2018 [58] | |
Han River | 57 | 0 | 23 | 20 | Park et al., 1991 [62] |
70 | 1 | 13 | 17 | Park et al., 1992 [63] | |
60 | 2 | 21 | 17 | Cho et al., 2015 [64] | |
Keum River | 59 | 1 | 10 | 30 | Ren et al., 1986 [52] |
55 | 1 | 24 | 21 | Cho et al., 2015 [64] | |
64 | 0 | 17 | 19 | Choi, 1981 [65] | |
Yeongsan River | 64 | 2 | 20 | 15 | Cho et al., 2015 [64] |
64 | 0 | 19 | 17 | Kim, 1980 [66] | |
Yalu River | 59 | 1 | 10 | 30 | Ren et al., 1986 [52] |
68 | 2 | 12 | 18 | Yang et al., 2003 [61] | |
Average of Yellow River (N = 14) | 60 | 16 | 14 | 10 | |
Average of Yangtze River (N = 5) | 68 | 6 | 14 | 12 | |
Average of Shandong Peninsula rivers (N = 5) | 59 | 21 | 10 | 11 | |
Average of Han River (N = 3) | 62 | 1 | 19 | 18 | |
Average of Keum River (N = 3) | 59 | 1 | 17 | 23 | |
Average of Yeongsan River (N = 2) | 64 | 1 | 19 | 16 | |
Average of Yalu River (N = 2) | 64 | 2 | 11 | 24 | |
Average of core ZZ04 (N = 71) | 62 | 18 | 12 | 8 |
5.2. Climate Change in the Mud Area over the Last 2000 Years
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- The ZZ04 core sample, acquired from the mud area in the northern offshore area of the Shandong Peninsula, predominantly consists of silt. The clay mineral composition is an assemblage of illite–smectite–chlorite–kaolinite. Illite, enriched with Fe-Mg, suggests strong physical weathering. Comparative analysis of the clay mineral composition of samples from the surrounding rivers, along with ternary diagram and crossplot analyses, confirm that the sample’s clay minerals are mainly sourced from the YR, the Shandong Peninsula rivers, and the Yangtze River, highlighting the multi-source characteristics of the sediments.
- (2)
- The formation of the mud area was influenced by shifts in the East Asian monsoon, alterations in the YR’s course, and dynamics of the YSWC. During the EAWM period, the coastal current’s deposition rate and transport capacity led to a proportional increase in the terrigenous material input. Meanwhile, the YSWC was an important contributor in the transportation of matter and heat flux from the south. During the EASM period, sediments were mainly sourced from the Shandong Peninsula rivers, contributing terrigenous materials shaped by chemical weathering.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample ID | Depth (cm) | Material | AMS14 C Age (a B.P.) | Calendar Age (cal.a B.P.) | 1σ Error Range (cal.a B.P.) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZZ04-135 | 134 | Mixed benthic foraminifera | 1810 ± 35 | 1487 | 1385–1576 |
ZZ04-315 | 314 | Mixed benthic foraminifera | 2250 ± 30 | 2016 | 1911–2119 |
Illite | Smectite | Chlorite | Kaolinte | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Illite | 1 | −0.722 | −0.602 | −0.650 |
Smectite | −0.722 | 1 | −0.071 | 0.068 |
Chlorite | −0.602 | −0.071 | 1 | 0.660 |
Kaolinte | −0.650 | 0.068 | 0.660 | 1 |
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Wu, S.; Liu, J.; Feng, Y. Provenance Analysis of the Northern Offshore Mud Area of the Shandong Peninsula, China, Spanning the Last 2000 Years. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12, 1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12091501
Wu S, Liu J, Feng Y. Provenance Analysis of the Northern Offshore Mud Area of the Shandong Peninsula, China, Spanning the Last 2000 Years. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2024; 12(9):1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12091501
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Shuyu, Jun Liu, and Yongcai Feng. 2024. "Provenance Analysis of the Northern Offshore Mud Area of the Shandong Peninsula, China, Spanning the Last 2000 Years" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 9: 1501. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12091501