Water Dispersible Few-Layer Graphene Stabilized by a Novel Pyrene Derivative at Micromolar Concentration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation and Characterization of the Exfoliated Graphite Suspension
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Synthesis of the Pyrene Derivative
3.2. Exfoliation of Graphite
3.3. Characterization of the Exfoliated Materials
3.4. Study of the Pyrene Derivative/Exfoliated Graphite Interactions
3.4.1. X-ray Diffraction
3.4.2. Molecular Modeling
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Starting Material | Equivalent Diameter (µm) | Pyrene Derivative Concentration (mM) | Sonication Time (h) | Yield of Exfoliation (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Graphite + 1-pyrenecarboxylic acid | 45 | 1.3 | 24.0 a | 1.0 | [17] |
Expanded graphite + Sodium 1-pyrenesulfonate | 15 | 3.0 | 1.0 b | 2.0 | [16] |
Natural Graphite + Sulfonate substituted pyrene | 45 | 6.0 | 1.0 b | 2.4 | [20] |
Graphite + 1-pyrenecarboxylic acid | 50 | 10.0 | 1.5 a | 2.5 | [19] |
Graphite (Graphexel) | 180 | 0.05 | 1.0 b | 2.0 | Present work |
Micronized graphite (Micrograf) | 10 | 0.05 | 1.0 b | 4.0 | |
Expanded graphite (GnPH5) | 5 | 0.05 | 1.0 b | 5.0 | |
Expanded graphite (GnPC) | 1–2 | 0.05 | 1.0 b | 85 |
EBinding | ||
---|---|---|
# PY | PY (Carboxylate) in Water | PY (carboxylic) in Vacuum |
1 (1 adlayer) | −39 | −38 |
4 (1 adlayer) | −39 | −50 |
8 (1 adlayer) | −39 | −49 |
10 (1 adlayer) | −38 | −46 |
10 (>1 adlayer) | −35 | −48 |
12 (>1 adlayer) | −36 | −47 |
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Cunha, E.; Proença, M.F.; Pereira, M.G.; Fernandes, M.J.; Young, R.J.; Strutyński, K.; Melle-Franco, M.; Gonzalez-Debs, M.; Lopes, P.E.; Paiva, M.D.C. Water Dispersible Few-Layer Graphene Stabilized by a Novel Pyrene Derivative at Micromolar Concentration. Nanomaterials 2018, 8, 675. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8090675
Cunha E, Proença MF, Pereira MG, Fernandes MJ, Young RJ, Strutyński K, Melle-Franco M, Gonzalez-Debs M, Lopes PE, Paiva MDC. Water Dispersible Few-Layer Graphene Stabilized by a Novel Pyrene Derivative at Micromolar Concentration. Nanomaterials. 2018; 8(9):675. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8090675
Chicago/Turabian StyleCunha, Eunice, Maria Fernanda Proença, Maria Goreti Pereira, Maria José Fernandes, Robert J. Young, Karol Strutyński, Manuel Melle-Franco, Mariam Gonzalez-Debs, Paulo E. Lopes, and Maria Da Conceição Paiva. 2018. "Water Dispersible Few-Layer Graphene Stabilized by a Novel Pyrene Derivative at Micromolar Concentration" Nanomaterials 8, no. 9: 675. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8090675