Next Article in Journal
Identification and Characterization of Infectious Pathogens Associated with Mass Mortalities of Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Cultured in Northern China
Next Article in Special Issue
Searching for a Home Port in a Polyvectic World: Molecular Analysis and Global Biogeography of the Marine Worm Polydora hoplura (Annelida: Spionidae)
Previous Article in Journal
Occurrence and Distribution of Tetrabromobisphenol A and Diversity of Microbial Community Structure in the Sediments of Mangrove
Previous Article in Special Issue
Should the Identification Guidelines for Siamese Crocodiles Be Revised? Differing Post-Occipital Scute Scale Numbers Show Phenotypic Variation Does Not Result from Hybridization with Saltwater Crocodiles
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Biology
Volume 12
Issue 5
10.3390/biology12050758
biology-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Molecular Characterization and Expression Pattern of leptin in Yellow Cheek Carp (Elopichthys bambusa) and Its Transcriptional Changes in Response to Fasting and Refeeding

by
Min Xie
1,
Jinwei Gao
1,
Hao Wu
1,
Xiaofei Cheng
1,
Zhou Zhang
1,
Rui Song
1,
Shaoming Li
1,*,
Jie Zhou
2,
Cheng Li
1,3 and
Guoqing Zeng
1,*
1
Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha 410153, China
2
College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China
3
Hunan Aquatic Foundation Seed Farm, Changsha 410153, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biology 2023, 12(5), 758; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12050758
Submission received: 20 April 2023 / Revised: 19 May 2023 / Accepted: 19 May 2023 / Published: 22 May 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrating Science into Aquatic Conservation)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:

Simple Summary

This article is mainly about that molecular characterization and expression pattern of leptin in yellow cheek carp (Elopichthys bambusa) and its transcriptional changes in response to fasting and refeeding. In this study, the authors used PCR to clone the CDS of leptin in yellow cheek carp, and analyzed the sequence differences of the gene with other species, constructed the phylogenetic tree, used real-time PCR for analyzing the expression of leptin in different tissues, including the expression of leptin in the brain and liver after fasting–refeeding of yellow cheek carp. This paper found that the full-length cDNA sequence of Eblep was 1140 bp and the length of the open reading frame (ORF), which can encode a protein of 174 amino acids, was 525 bp. The Eblep mRNA transcript was detected in all tested tissues, with the highest expression in the liver and lowest expression in the spleen. It was found that the change in the mRNA expression of EbLep may be an adaptive strategy for different energy levels by studying the expression of EbLep mRNA in the brain and liver under fasting and refeeding.

Abstract

Leptin, a secretory protein encoded by obese genes, plays an important role in regulating feeding and energy metabolism in fish. To study the structure and function of the Leptin gene in yellow cheek carp (Elopichthys bambusa), the full-length cDNA sequence of leptin was cloned, named EbLep. The full-length cDNA of Eblep was 1140 bp, and the length of the open reading frame (ORF), which can encode a protein of 174 amino acids, was 525 bp. The signal peptide was predicted to contain 33 amino acids. Sequence alignment showed that the amino acid sequence of Leptin was conserved in cyprinid fish. Despite large differences between primary structures, the tertiary structure of the EbLep protein was similar to that of the human protein and had four α-helices. The EbLep mRNA transcript was detected in all tested tissues, with the highest expression in the liver and lowest expression in the spleen. In this study, short-term fasting significantly increased the mRNA expression of EbLep in the liver, which returned to a normal level after 6 days of refeeding and was significantly lower than the normal level after 28 days of refeeding. In the brain, the mRNA expression of EbLep significantly decreased during short-term fasting and significantly increased to a higher value than the control group after 1 h of refeeding. It then rapidly decreased to a lower value than the control group after 6 h of refeeding, returning to the normal level after 1 day of refeeding, and significantly decreasing to a lower value than the control group after 28 days of refeeding. To sum up, the change in the mRNA expression of EbLep in the brain and liver may be an adaptive strategy for different energy levels.

1. Introduction

Leptin is a product of the obesity gene, which was identified by positional cloning technology [1]. Leptin is secreted by the adipose tissue in mammals and is considered an anorexia hormone [2,3,4]. The physiological role and regulatory mechanism of leptin have been extensively studied in many animals [5,6,7,8,9]. In mammals, leptin can reduce feeding and increase energy consumption through the regulation of feedback in the hypothalamic–pituitary axis [10]. In frogs (Xenopus laevis), leptin can influence limb growth and differentiation during early development [7]. In chickens, the expression of leptin and its receptor were detected in the brain and digestive tract [8], which suggests that leptin may be involved in brain and digestive tract-related functions. In Anolis carolinensis, leptin can ameliorate immunity [9]. In fish, leptin was first identified in Takifugu rubripes [11]. At present, leptin has been cloned from many species of fish, such as grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), zebrafish (Barchydanio rerio), mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi), and orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) [12,13,14,15,16]. Previous studies have shown that leptin plays a role in regulating food intake, glucose and lipid metabolism, reproduction, and immunity in fish [12,14,17,18,19,20]. Since teleost fishes exhibit a remarkable level of anatomical, ecological, behavioral, and genomic diversity, the structure and function of leptin may also vary considerably between fish species [21]. However, leptin from yellow cheek carp (Elopichthys bambusa) has not been cloned so far. Cloning of the leptin gene of yellow cheek carp is helpful to enrich the basic data of leptin in fishes, and provides reference material for further functional research on yellow cheek carp.
The liver is a central organ that controls metabolism in fish [22]. The liver, a main organ secreting leptin in fish, is first affected by different feeding states [18,23]. Several studies have shown that feeding status can affect the expression of leptin in fish [14,24] (Gambardella et al., 2012 and Gorissen et al., 2009). Gorissen et al., (2009) [14] confirmed that after fasting for a week, the mRNA level of leptin-B in the liver of zebrafish significantly decreased, while the mRNA level of leptin-A increased. In perch, the mRNA level of leptin in the liver significantly decreased after 3 weeks of starvation, and then increased after 3 weeks of feeding [25]. The regulation of food intake in fish was based on the integration of hypothalamic metabolic, endocrine, and circadian rhythm information [26], with mechanisms comparable but not identical [27] to those known in mammals [21]. The function of leptin in fish may be more complex than in mammals. There are few studies on the expression of leptin in the brain under different energy states in fish. More extensive and in-depth studies are needed to clarify the function and mechanism of leptin in the regulation of feeding status and energy metabolism.
Yellow cheek carp (Elopichthys bambusa), a member of the Cyprinidae and Leuciscinae, is a fierce carnivorous fish, which is mainly distributed in the plain area of the middle and lower Yangtze River. Known as the “freshwater tuna”, it has fresh and tender meat and a beautiful taste, high protein content, and a low fat and cholesterol content [28]. In China, managers of traditional fisheries are controlling populations of fierce carnivorous fish to reduce the threat to other fish larvae [29]. As a result, the population of fierce carnivorous fish, including the yellow cheek carp, has dramatically declined in natural water bodies. With the adjustment of aquaculture industry structure and the implementation of the “ten-year fishing ban” policy in China, the price of yellow cheek carp has continued to rise in recent years. However, basic research on the yellow cheek carp is particularly scarce. In the present study, the Leptin gene of yellow cheek carp has been cloned and its distribution patterns have been identified by analyzing the tissue expression of EbLep. Additionally, the changes in Eblep mRNA expression in the liver and brain during short-term fasting and refeeding has been studied. This study aimed to enrich the research conducted on the yellow cheek carp thus far and provide information for studying the function of leptin and its role in food intake and energy metabolism regulation.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Animals and Samples

The yellow cheek carp were provided by the Hunan Fisheries Research Institute and were obtained from the same parent group. A total of 390 healthy and neatly sized Elopichthys bambusa, with an average body weight of (221.36 ± 6.75 g) and average body length of (33.09 ± 1.33 cm), were selected from the pond. They were randomly and equally assigned to 6 cement pools (10 m × 5 m × 1 m) to acclimatize for 1 week. Commercial feed (crude protein ≥ 48%, crude fat ≥ 5.0%, lysine ≥ 2.8%, moisture ≤ 10%, ash ≤ 18%) was used twice a day (8:00 and 18:00) in all groups during the experimental period.
Six fishes were randomly collected from the cement pools and dissected after anesthesia with MS222. The liver, intestine, spleen, kidney, heart, gill, brain, head kidney, skin, and muscle were collected for cloning and the tissue expression analysis of leptin. Samples were quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen and then stored at −80 °C.
In order to study the changes in the expression of leptin in the liver and brain under fasting and refeeding conditions, a control group and a treatment group were set up. There were three replicates in each group. The control group was fed continuously for 36 days, and the treatment group was fed for 28 days after 8 days of fasting. The control group and the treatment group were fed twice a day (8:00 and 18:00). Six Elopichthys bambusa were randomly collected from each group after fasting for 3 d (F3) and 8 d (F8), and were refed for 1 h (F8R1h), 6 h (F8R6h), 1 d (F8R1d), 6 d (F8R6d), and 28 d (F8R28d), respectively. Additionally, the liver and brain were sampled after anesthesia with MS-222. Samples were quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C. During the experiment, the water temperature was (23.5 ± 3.4) °C, the pH was 6.7–7.2, and the dissolved oxygen was 5.7–6.5 mg/L.

2.2. Cloning of EbLep Gene

Liver RNA was extracted using Trizol, and first-strand cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription using the RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Fermentas, Waltham, MA, USA). The quantity and quality of RNA were detected by Eppendorf (Hamburg, Germany) BioPhotometer Plus spectrophotometry. The ratio of absorbance at 260 and 280 nm (A260/A280) for samples was ranged from 1.8 to 2.0. According to the leptin sequence of grass carp (GenBank accession numbers FJ373293.1), the degenerate primer LEP-1 (Table 1) was designed by clustal X alignment software, version 2.1. The 50 μL reaction system contained PCR-grade water at 15.0 μL, 2X Ex taq buffer (Takara, Kusatsu, Japan) at 25.0 μL, dNTP mix (10 mM) at 1.0 μL, Ex taq (Takara) at 1.0 μL, cDNA first strand at 5.0 μL, primer F at 1.5 μL, and primer R at 1.5 μL. Reaction program: pre-denaturation at 94 °C for 2 min, denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, annealing at 55 °C for 30 s, extension at 72 °C for 1 min, 35 cycles, and finally extension at 72 °C for 10 min. The PCR products were detected by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis, and the target fragments were purified using Gel Extraction Kit (OMEGA, Norcross, GA, USA). Then, the purified PCR products were cloned, and positive clones were screened for sequencing.
According to the core fragment sequence, the PCR primers for 5′-and 3′-RACE were designed (Table 1). To obtain the complete cDNA sequence of the Eblep gene, the 5′- and 3′-RACE PCRs were carried out using SMARTer RACE 5′/3′ Kit (Code No. 634858/59, Takara) by following the manufacturer’s instructions. The target product was cut from gel for purification. The purified PCR product was ligated with pMD18T, and the positive clones were sequenced.
According to the intermediate fragment sequence 5′RACE and 3′RACE results, the full-length cDNA sequence of leptin gene was spliced out. The gene start and stop codon positions were predicted by NCBI alignment analysis.

2.3. Sequence Analysis and Phylogenetic Tree Construction

The software DNAMAN was used to translate the sequence of the leptin gene to obtain the amino acid sequence. The amino acid sequences of leptin of other fishes and vertebrates were obtained from NCBI, and the multiple sequence alignment was performed using the software DNAMAN. The GenBank accession numbers of the sequences used in the figure were as follows: Ctenopharyngodon idella LEP, ACI32423.1; Culter alburnus LEP, AHI13615.1; Megalobrama amblycephala LEP, XP_048024644.1; Carassius gibelio LEP-A, ULE27184.1; Cyprinus carpio LEP-A2, AGK24956.1; Labeo rohita LEP, KAI2653424.1; Schizothorax prenanti LEP, AIE45855.1; Schizothorax richardsonii LEP, UNO36740.1; Danio rerio LEP-A, CAP47064.1; Tachysurus fulvidraco LEP, AFO67938.1; Tachysurus vachellii LEP, UNW38763.1; Pygocentrus nattereri LEP-A, XP_037396125.1; Myxocyprinus asiaticus LEP-A, XP_051580568.1; Oreochromis niloticus LEP-A, AHL37667.1; Silurus meridionalis LEP-A, XP_046720980.1; Acipenser ruthenus LEP, RXM28554.1; Acipenser dabryanus LEP-A, QSZ40475.1; Chanos chanos LEP-A, QNG41929.1; Alosa sapidissima LEP-A, XP_041965310.1; Salvelinus alpinus LEP, BAH83535.1; Oncorhynchus keta LEP-A, XP_035653655.1; Astyanax mexicanus LEP-A, XP_022535129.1; Colossoma macropomum LEP-A, XP_036441558.1; Xenopus laevis LEP, XP_018108304.1; Homo sapiens LEP, AAH69452.1.
A protein phylogenetic tree was established based on amino acid sequences by the NJ method (neighbor joining) in MEGA 11.0. The number of bootstrap verifications was set to 1000. Signal peptides were predicted using signalP-5.0 (https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/service.php?SignalP-5.0 accessed on 12 October 2022). The SWISS-MODEL (https://swissmodel.expasy.org/ accessed on 12 October 2022) modelling function was used to predict the secondary and tertiary structure of leptin.

2.4. Tissue Distribution and Fasting–Refeeding Expression

The primer q-leptin was designed according to the cloned leptin gene cDNA sequence, and β-actin was selected as the reference gene [30] (Table 1). The molality of q-leptin F and R are 5.26 and 4.83 nmol/OD, and the molality of β-actin F and R are 6.37 and 5.89 nmol/OD. cDNA used for leptin gene quantification was synthesized using the PrimeScript™ RT reagent Kit with the gDNA Eraser kit.
Real-time PCR assays were carried out to examine the distribution of the leptin gene in various tissues—including the liver, intestine, spleen, kidney, heart, gill, brain, head kidney, skin, and muscle, and the expressions of the brain and liver under different feeding conditions—with 12.5 μL reaction volume containing 6 μL of SYBR Premix Ex TaqTM II, 1 μL of cDNA obtained by reverse transcription, 4.5 μL of RNase-free water, 0.5 μL of upstream primer, and 0.5 μL of downstream primer. The reaction was pre-denatured at 95 °C for 3 min, denatured at 95 °C for 5 s, annealed at 60 °C, and extended for 20 s for 39 cycles. Three technical replicates were used for each set of reactions. All operations are carried out according to the kit instructions.

2.5. Data Analysis

The relative expression results were calculated using the formula R = 2−ΔΔCt. All data were shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and were subjected to the one-way ANOVA using the software SPSS 18.0, with p < 0.05 as a significant difference. After the one-way ANOVA, the homogeneity-of-variance was conducted, and when the Sig value was greater than 0.05, the variance could be considered homogeneous.

3. Results

3.1. Characterization of EbLep

The full-length cDNA sequence of leptin gene of yellow cheek carp was obtained by RT-PCR and RACE (GenBank Accession No. MW794324). The full-length cDNA of leptin is 1140 bp, and the length of the open reading frame (ORF) is 525 bp, which can encode a protein of 174 amino acids. The signal peptide was predicted to contain 33 amino acids by NCBI BLAST (Figure 1).
Sequence alignment shows that the amino acid sequence of leptin was conserved in cyprinid fish, such as yellow cheek carp (Elopichthys bambusa), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), Megalobrama amblycephaloid, common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and crucian carp (Carassius gibelio), but had a large difference from the sequences of non-cynic fishes and other vertebrates. However, the secondary structure of leptin proteins from various animals was highly conserved, with four α-helices (Helix A–D) (Figure 2)
The amino acid sequence conservation of leptin was low between the yellow cheek carp and human, with only 23.20% sequence identity. The amino acid sequence identity of EbLep and other fishes was Ctenopharyngodon idella (91.60%), Culter alburnus (91.60%), Megalobrama amblycephala (91.00%), Carassius gibelio (76.10%), Cyprinus carpio (76.80%), Labeo rohita (74.80%), Schizothorax prenanti (74.20%), Schizothorax richardsonii (74.20%), Danio rerio (60.00%), Tachysurus fulvidraco (40.00%), and Tachysurus vachellii (40.00%), respectively (Table 2).
The phylogenetic tree constructed based on the amino acid sequence of leptin is shown in Figure 3. All teleost fish LEPs are grouped into one clade, and two cartilaginous fishes (Acipenser ruthenus and Acipenser dabryanus) and other vertebrates (Xenopus laevis and Homo sapiens) LEPs are grouped into one clade. The closest to EbLep were Culter alburnus and Megalobrama amblycephala. Despite large differences between primary structures (Figure 2 and Table 2), the tertiary structure of EbLep protein was also predicted to be similar to that of humans (Figure 4).

3.2. Tissue Expression of EbLep

The mRNA tissue expression levels of EbLep were analyzed by real-time PCR. The results show that EbLep can be expressed in liver, intestine, spleen, kidney, heart, gill, brain, head kidney, skin, and muscle. The mRNA expression level in the liver tissue was the highest, which was more than eight times that of other tissues. This was followed by the heart, intestine, skin, brain, muscle, kidney, gill, head, kidney, and spleen (Figure 5).

3.3. Expression of EbLep mRNA in the Liver and Brain under Fasting and Refeeding

The EbLep mRNA expression in the liver increased after fasting, as determined by real-time PCR (Figure 6). Compared with the control group, there was no significant difference after starvation for 3 days (p > 0.05), but there was a significant difference after starvation for 8 days (p < 0.05). After refeeding, the expression of EbLep mRNA in the liver showed a downward trend. One day after refeeding, it showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05), and 28 days after refeeding, it was significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.05) (Figure 6a).
Fasting significantly decreased the expression of EbLep mRNA in the brain. After refeeding for 1 h, the expression of EbLep mRNA in the brain of the treatment group rapidly increased and became significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.05). After 6 h of refeeding, it gradually decreased and became significantly lower than that of the control group (p < 0.05). The expression of EbLep mRNA in the brain of the treatment group significantly increased and reached the highest level at 6 days of refeeding, followed by a significant decrease at 28 days (p < 0.05) (Figure 6b).

4. Discussion

Johnson et al., (2000) [31] first detected the presence of leptin in the blood, brain, heart, and liver of sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), largemouth bass (Pomonix annularis), and microbleeker (Ictalurus punctatus). The leptin gene was later confirmed to exist in many other fish species [11,32,33]. Leptin in fish generally exists in two subtypes, named lep-a and lep-b [14,34]. This may be related to the fact that genome duplication occurred in the evolutionary process of fish [35]. The two isoforms encode two different products with low amino-acid identity (20–30%) [36]. In this study, the Leptin gene (EbLep) identified from the yellow cheek maybe was maybe lep-a by NCBI blast, but it cannot be determined whether other copies of this gene are present in the yellow cheek carp genome.
The yellow cheek carp shares only 23.20% sequence identity with human leptin. Similarly, goldfish (Carassius auratus) [37] and mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) [15] have very low amino acid sequence homologies with mammalian leptin, both of which are less than 30%. This reflects the high evolutionary rate of the leptin gene. The amino acid sequences were quite different from those of other mammals [21]. The nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of leptin greatly differ from different fish species, but the tertiary structure of its protein is very conserved. They are highly similar in their predicted tertiary structure, when modelled based on the crystal structure of human leptin [11,38,39]. Our finding was in accordance with recent studies indicating that the tertiary structure of proteins is important for the main physiological function of the leptin system in fish. Kurokawa and Murashita (2009) [34] also had similar conclusions.
Leptin is expressed in various tissues; mammalian leptin is mainly expressed in adipose tissue [40]. Unlike mammals, the brain and heart are the main synthetic organs in Xenopus [7]. The expression level of leptin from Kermani sheep was highest in the adipose tissue and liver and lowest in the heart [20]. Leptin is slightly expressed in different tissues, such as the gut, adipose tissue, and brain in teleost fishes, but is mainly distributed in the liver [15,37]. However, some fishes have a high expression of leptin in other tissues. The expression of leptin in the kidneys, gills, intestines, and gonads of Megalobrama amblycephala was much higher than in the liver [41]. The leptin of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) had the highest expression in the brain and muscle [39]. In this paper, the tissue expression level of EbLep was highest in the liver, medium in the heart, intestine, skin, and brain, and lowest in the muscle, spleen, kidneys, gills, head, and kidney. The liver is the metabolic energy center of fish. Our findings match those observed in earlier studies [15,37], suggesting that EbLep may be involved in the regulation of energy balance. At the same time, leptin is commonly expressed in other tissues of yellow cheek carp. This suggests that the EbLep may be involved in many other physiological processes, and further studies are required.
To understand the physiological function of leptin in the yellow cheek carp, we compared the mRNA expression of EbLep in the liver and brain under different feeding states (short-term fasting and refeeding). We found that short-term fasting significantly increased the mRNA expression of EbLep in the liver, which returned to normal level after 6 days of refeeding and was significantly lower than the normal level after 28 days of refeeding. Similar findings were found in orange-spotted grouper [16], zebrafish (leptin-A) [14] and rainbow trout [42], and the opposite results were found in common carp [38], Acrossocheilus fasciatus [43], striped bass [25], and mandarin fish [15]. Through a comparison, it was found that the fasting time in the studies with similar results to this paper was more than 3 days, while the fasting time of the opposite results was less than 1 day. Therefore, we hypothesized that if the fasting time was less than 1 day, the mRNA expression of leptin in the liver would be reduced to promote appetite, and if the starvation time was more than 3 days, the mRNA expression of leptin in liver would be increased, in turn boosting glycolipid catabolism to provide energy for normal activities. The above conclusion needs to be verified in further research. It is worth noting that there were significant differences in the expression of leptin in the liver under different feeding states in the above studies. This suggests that leptin may play an important role in regulating energy status. The results of most fish studies show that specific leptin has an inhibitory effect on feeding [12,17,44]. It was speculated that leptin regulates the balance of feeding by regulating energy status in fish. The mechanism of the mRNA expression of leptin in the liver, which is adapted to fasting and refeeding, requires further research.
In fish, the endocrine signals in the hypothalamus region that influence the brain’s regulation of food intake could be triggered by different nutritional and metabolic conditions [45,46]. Genes that control these endocrine signals (leptin is one of them) play an important role in appetite regulation [47]. Several studies have shown that leptin could inhibit food intake [12,17,44]. Murashita et al., (2008) [17] believed that leptin could regulate food intake by stimulating expression of the appetite inhibiting factor proopiomelanocorein-A1/A2 (POMC-A1/A2) gene and reducing the expression level of the appetite stimulating factor neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene. At the same time, it has been reported that fasting could cause a downregulation of leptin gene expression in many aquatic animals and mammals [15,48,49]. In this study, the mRNA expression of EbLep in the brain was also significantly decreased during short-term fasting. Therefore, we thought that the downregulation of leptin caused by fasting may be related to the regulation of appetite in fish. Yuan et al., (2014) [50] had a similar view. In mammals, leptin could regulate feeding behavior by controlling the expression of some anorexia genes in the brain (e.g., Cart, Crh, Mc4r, POMC) [51,52,53]. In fish, regulation of feeding homeostasis is based on the hypothalamus’ integration of metabolic and endocrine information [26]. This suggests that EbLep might regulate hypothalamic neuropeptides to regulate appetite during the fasting state. In this paper, the mRNA expression of EbLep in the brain significantly increased to higher than that in the control group after 1 h refeeding, and rapidly decreased to lower than that in the control group after 6 h of refeeding. My previous study found that the intestinal contents were less than 30% after 6 h of feeding [54]. This suggests that the EbLep expression in the brain may be related to the amount of food in the gut. In addition, the expression of EbLep in the brain returned to a normal level after 1 day of refeeding, and significantly decreased to a lower value than the control group after 28 days of refeeding. Several studies also thought that energy status could regulate food intake by regulating leptin expression in brain [55,56]. Therefore, the results of this study may be caused by the difference in energy status between 1 h, 6 h, 1 d, and 28 d after refeeding. In summary, EbLep expression in the brain may be related to the regulation of appetite. The change in the mRNA expression of leptin in the brain of yellow cheek carp may be an adaptive strategy for different energy levels.

5. Conclusions

In this study, we cloned the full-length cDNA sequence of Eblep, which was 1140 bp; the length of the open reading frame (ORF), which can encode a protein of 174 amino acids, was 525 bp. The signal peptide was predicted to contain 33 amino acids. The EbLep mRNA transcript was detected in all tested tissues with the highest expression in the liver and lowest expression in the spleen. By studying the expression of EbLep mRNA in the liver and brain under fasting and refeeding, we found that the change in the mRNA expression of EbLep may be an adaptive strategy for different energy levels.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.X. and G.Z.; methodology, M.X., J.G., H.W. and X.C.; date collection, M.X., J.G., H.W., Z.Z. and R.S.; validation, J.Z. and C.L.; formal analysis, M.X., S.L. and G.Z.; investigation, M.X., J.G., H.W. and X.C.; resources, M.X., S.L. and G.Z.; writing-original draft preparation, M.X.; writing-review and editing, S.L. and G.Z.; visualization, M.X. and C.L. supervision, S.L. and G.Z. project administration, S.L. and G.Z.; funding acquisition, S.L. and G.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Changsha Natural Science Foundation for Changsha Science and Technology Bureau, grant number kq2202355, and the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-45).

Institutional Review Board Statement

The animal research was approved by the Animal Care Committee of Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha, China (Approval Code: No. HFSI2021-06). All the experimental phases were strictly controlled.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information, USA National Library of Medicine repository, National Center for Biotechnology Information (nih.gov, accessed on 19 April 2023). The sequence of Eblep was submitted to the NCBI with GenBank Accession No. MW794324.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Zhang, Y.; Proenca, R.; Maffei, M.; Barone, M.; Leopold, L.; Friedman, J.M. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994, 372, 425–432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Ahima, R.S.; Osei, S.Y. Leptin signaling. Physiol. Behav. 2004, 81, 223–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Schwartz, M.W.; Niswender, K.D. Adiposity signaling and biological defense against weight gain: Absence of protection or central hormone resistance. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004, 89, 5889–5897. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Marty, N.; Dallaporta, M.; Thorens, B. Brain glucose sensing, counter-regulation, and energy homeostasis. Physiology 2007, 22, 241–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Münzberg, H.; Heymsfield, S.B. New insights into the regulation of Leptin gene expression. Cell Metab. 2019, 29, 1013–1014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Procaccini, C.; La Rocca, C.; Carbone, F.; De Rosa, V.; Galgani, M.; Matarese, G. Leptin as immune mediator: Interaction between neuroendocrine and immune system. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 2017, 66, 120–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Crespi, E.J.; Denver, R.J. Leptin (ob gene) of the South African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103, 10092–10097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Seroussi, E.; Knytl, M.; Pitel, F.; Elleder, D.; Krylov, V.; Leroux, S.; Morisson, M.; Yosefi, S.; Miyara, S.; Ganesan, S.; et al. Avian Expression Patterns and Genomic Mapping Implicate Leptin in Digestion and TNF in Immunity, Suggesting That Their Interacting Adipokine Role Has Been Acquired Only in Mammals. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 4489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Wang, A.Z.; Husak, J.F.; Lovern, M. Leptin ameliorates the immunity, but not reproduction, trade-off with endurance in lizards. J. Comp. Physiol. B 2019, 189, 261–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Sahu, A. Minireview: A hypothalamic role in energy balance with special emphasis on leptin. Endocrinology 2004, 145, 2613–2620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Kurokawa, T.; Uji, S.; Suzuki, T. Identification of cDNA coding for a homologue to mammalian leptin from pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes. Peptides 2005, 26, 745–750. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Li, G.G.; Liang, X.F.; Xie, Q.; Li, G.; Yu, Y.; Lai, K. Gene structure, recombinant expression and functional characterization of grass carp leptin. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2010, 166, 117–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Tang, Y.; Yu, J.; Li, H.; Xu, P.; Li, J.; Ren, H. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of multiple leptin genes in Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2014, 166, 133–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Gorissen, M.; Bernier, N.J.; Nabuurs, S.B.; Flik, G.; Huising, M.O. Two divergent leptin paralogues in zebrafish (Danio rerio) that originate early in teleostean evolution. J. Endocrinol. 2009, 201, 329–339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Yuan, X.; Li, A.; Liang, X.-F.; Huang, W.; Song, Y.; He, S.; Tao, Y. Leptin expression in mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi (Basilewsky): Regulation by postprandial and short-term fasting treatment. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 2016, 194, 8–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Zhang, H.; Chen, H.; Zhang, Y.; Li, S.; Lu, D.; Zhang, H.; Meng, Z.; Liu, X.; Lin, H. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression profiles of multiple leptin genes and a leptin receptor gene in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2013, 181, 295–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Murashita, K.; Uji, S.; Yamamoto, T.; Rønnestad, I.; Kurokawa, T. Production of recombinant leptin and its effects on food intake in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2008, 150, 377–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Yuan, X.-C.; Liang, X.-F.; Cai, W.-J.; Li, A.-X.; Huang, D.; He, S. Differential roles of two leptin gene paralogues on food intake and hepatic metabolism regulation in Mandarin fish. Front. Endocrinol. 2020, 11, 438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Tsakoumis, E.; Ahi, E.P.; Schmitz, M. Impaired leptin signaling causes subfertility in female zebrafish. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2022, 546, 111595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Mohammadabadi, M.; Kord, M.; Nazari, M. Studying expression of leptin gene in different tissues of Kermani Sheep using Real Time PCR. Agric. Biotechnol. J. 2018, 10, 111–123. [Google Scholar]
  21. Ayelén, M.B.; José, L.S. Leptin signalling in teleost fish with emphasis in food intake regulation. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2021, 526, 111209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Martin, S.A.M.; Douglas, A.; Houlihan, D.F.; Secombes, C.J. Starvation alters the liver transcriptome of the innate immune response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). BMC Genom. 2010, 11, 418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Power, D.M.; Melo, J.; Santos, C.R.A. The effect of food deprivation on the liver, tyroid hormones and transthyretin in sea bream. J. Fish Biol. 2000, 56, 374–387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Gambardella, C.; Gallus, L.; Amaroli, A.; Terova, G.; Masini, M.A.; Ferrando, S. Fasting and re-feeding impact on leptin and aquaglyceroporin 9 in the liver of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture 2012, 354–355, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Won, E.T.; Baltzegar, D.A.; Picha, M.E. Cloning and characterization of leptin in a Perciform fish, the striped bass (Morone saxatilis): Control of feeding and regulation by nutritional state. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2012, 178, 98–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Delgado, M.J.; Cerdá-Reverter, J.M.; Soengas, J.L. Hypothalamic integration of metabolic, endocrine, and circadian signals in fish: Involvement in the control of food intake. Front. Neurosci. 2017, 11, 354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Soengas, J.L.; Cerda-Reverter, J.M.; Delgado, M.J. Central regulation of food intake in fishes: An evolutionary perspective. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 2018, 60, R171–R199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Wan, S.L.; Wang, L.; Li, J.; Li, J.Z.; Liu, H.J.; Cai, C.M.; Lu, L.L.; Wen, Z.R. Flesh content and nutritive composition of yellow cheek carp (Elopichthys bambusa). Freshw. Fish. 2008, 273, 27–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Liang, Y.; Melack, J.M.; Wang, J. Primary production and fish yields in Chinese ponds and lakes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 1981, 110, 346–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Chen, Z.; Dong, S.; Dai, L.; Xie, M.; Fu, W.; Yuan, X.; Yuan, S.; Liu, J.; Peng, L.; Li, S.; et al. Effect of food domestication on the growth of Elopichthys bambusa. Reprod. Breed. 2021, 1, 157–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Johnson, R.M.; Johnson, T.M.; Londraville, R.L. Evidence for leptin expression in fishes. J. Exp. Zool. 2000, 286, 718–724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Wen, Z.-Y.; Qin, C.-J.; Wang, J.; He, Y.; Li, H.-T.; Li, R.; Wang, X.-D. Molecular characterization of two leptin genes and their transcriptional changes in response to fasting and refeeding in Northern snakehead (Channa argus). Gene 2020, 736, 144420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Xu, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, B.; Liu, X.; Liu, Q.; Song, X.; Shi, B.; Ren, K. Leptin and leptin receptor genes in tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis): Molecular cloning, tissue distribution and differential regulation of these genes by sex steroids. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 2018, 224, 11–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Kurokawa, T.; Murashita, K. Genomic characterization of multiple leptin genes and a leptin receptor gene in the Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2009, 161, 229–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Glasauer, S.M.K.; Neuhauss, S.C.F. Whole-genome duplication in teleost fishes and its evolutionary consequences. Mol. Genet. Genom. 2014, 289, 1045–1060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Deck, C.A.; Honeycutt, J.L.; Cheung, E.; Reynolds, H.M.; Borski, R.J. Assessing the functional role of leptin in energy homeostasis and the stress response in vertebrates. Front. Endocrinol. 2017, 8, 63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Yan, A.; Li, J.; Liu, L.; Zhu, X.; Ren, C.; Hu, C.; Tang, D.; Chen, T. Tetraploid genes of leptin (leptin-AI,-AII,-BI and-BII) in goldfish: Molecular cloning, bioinformatics analysis, tissue distribution and differential regulation of transcript expression by glucocorticoids. Aquac. Rep. 2022, 25, 101191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Huising, M.O.; Geven EJ, W.; Kruiswijk, C.P.; Nabuurs, S.B.; Stolte, E.H.; Spanings FA, T.; Kemenade, L.V.; Flik, G. Increased leptin expression in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) after food intake but not after fasting or feeding to satiation. Endocrinology 2006, 147, 5786–5797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Rønnestad, I.; Nilsen, T.O.; Murashita, K.; Angotzi, A.R.; Gamst Moen, A.-G.; Stefansson, S.O.; Kurokawa, T. Leptin and leptin receptor genes in Atlantic salmon: Cloning, phylogeny, tissue distribution and expression correlated to long-term feeding status. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2010, 168, 55–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Bartha, T.; Sayed-Ahmed, A.; Rudas, P. Expression of leptin and its receptors in various tissues of ruminants. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 2005, 29, 193–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Zhao, H.H.; Li, X.C.; Zeng CWang, W.M.; Dong, Z.J.; Gao, Z.X. Expression analysis of leptin genes in adults’ tissue and during early development in Megalobrama amblycephala. J. Huazhong Agric. Univ. 2016, 35, 92–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Kling, P.; Rønnestad, I.; Stefansson, S.O.; Murashita, K.; Kurokawa, T.; Björnsson, B.T.A. homologous salmonid leptin radioimmunoassay indicates elevated plasma leptin levels during fasting of rainbow trout. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2009, 62, 307–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Mu, F.S.; Miao, L.; Li, M.Y.; Hou, H.H.; Li, X.M.; Xu, Y.M. Cloning and expression of leptin gene in Acrossocheilus fasciatus during fasting and refeeding. Oceanol. Limnol. Sin. 2017, 48, 822–829. [Google Scholar]
  44. Aguilar, A.J.; Conde-Sieira, M.; Polakof, S.; Míguez, J.M.; Soengas, J.L. Central leptin treatment modulates brain glucosensing function and peripheral energy metabolism of rainbow trout. Peptides 2010, 31, 1044–1054. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Jeong, I.; Kim, E.; Kim, S.; Kim, H.; Lee, D.W.; Seong, J.Y.; Park, H.C. mRNA expression and metabolic regulation of npy and agrp1/2 in the zebrafish brain. Neurosci. Lett. 2018, 668, 73–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Ahi, E.P.; Tsakoumis, E.; Brunel, M.; Schmitz, M. Transcriptional study reveals a potential leptin-dependent gene regulatory network in zebrafish brain. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 2021, 47, 1283–1298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Volkof, H. The neuroendocrine regulation of food intake in fish: A review of current knowledge. Front. Neurosci. 2016, 10, 540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Zhan, X.M.; Li, Y.L.; Wang, D.H. Effects of fasting and refeeding on body mass, thermogenesis, and serum leptin in Brandt’s voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii). J. Therm. Biol. 2009, 34, 237–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Chelikani, P.K.; Ambrose, J.D.; Keisler, D.H.; Kennelly, J.J. Effect of short-term fasting on plasma concentrations of leptin and other hormones and metabolites in dairy cattle. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 2004, 26, 33–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Yuan, D.; Wang, T.; Zhou, C.; Lin, F.; Chen, H.; Wu, H.; Wei, R.; Xin, Z.; Li, Z. Leptin and cholecystokinin in Schizothorax prenanti: Molecular cloning, tissue expression, and mRNA expression responses to periprandial changes and fasting. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2014, 204, 13–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Thornton, J.E.; Cheung, C.C.; Clifton, D.K.; Steiner, R.A. Regulation of hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin mRNA by leptin in ob/ob mice. Endocrinology 1997, 138, 5063–5066. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Ghamari-Langroudi, M.; Srisai, D.; Cone, R. Multinodal regulation of the arcuate/paraventricular nucleus circuit by leptin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011, 108, 355–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Lee, S.J.; Verma, S.; Simonds, S.E.; Kirigiti, M.A.; Kievit, P.; Lindsley, S.R.; Loche, A.; Smith, M.S.; Cowley, M.A.; Grove, K.L. Leptin stimulates neuropeptide Y and cocaine amphetamine-regulated transcript co-expressing neuronal activity in the dorsomedial hypothalamus in diet-induced obese mice. J. Neurosci. 2013, 33, 15306–15317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Xie, M.; Xiang, J.G.; Guo, X.F. Measurement of empty-feeding rate of gut in yellow cheek carp (Elopichthys bambusa). Sci. Fish Farming 2015, 10, 50. [Google Scholar]
  55. López, M.; Tovar, S.; Vazquez, M.J.; Nogueiras, R.; Senaris, R.; Dieguez, C. Sensing the fat: Fatty acid metabolism in the hypothalamus and the melanocortin system. Peptides 2005, 26, 1753–1758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Fuentes, E.N.; Kling, P.; Einarsdottir, I.E.; Alvarez, M.; Valdés, J.A.; Molina, A.; Björnsson, B.T. Plasma leptin and growth hormone levels in the fine flounder (Paralichthys adspersus) increase gradually during fasting and decline rapidly after refeeding. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2012, 177, 120–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Biology 12 00758 g001 550
Figure 1. Nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of the leptin gene of Elopichthys bambusa. The sense strand is displayed from the 5′ to 3′ direction. Stop codons are marked with “*” in the nucleotide sequence. Signal peptides are marked in bold letters. The GenBank accession number is MW794324.
Figure 1. Nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of the leptin gene of Elopichthys bambusa. The sense strand is displayed from the 5′ to 3′ direction. Stop codons are marked with “*” in the nucleotide sequence. Signal peptides are marked in bold letters. The GenBank accession number is MW794324.
Biology 12 00758 g001
Biology 12 00758 g002 550
Figure 2. Amino acid sequence alignment among EbLep and leptin of other vertebrates. Omitted portions are indicated by dots, and shaded areas indicate residues that are 100% shared by all sequences. Four α-helices are framed.
Figure 2. Amino acid sequence alignment among EbLep and leptin of other vertebrates. Omitted portions are indicated by dots, and shaded areas indicate residues that are 100% shared by all sequences. Four α-helices are framed.
Biology 12 00758 g002
Biology 12 00758 g003 550
Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree based on amino acid sequence of leptin. The phylogenetic tree was established by the NJ method (neighbor-joining) in MEGA 11.0. The number of bootstraps verifications was set to 1000 times.
Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree based on amino acid sequence of leptin. The phylogenetic tree was established by the NJ method (neighbor-joining) in MEGA 11.0. The number of bootstraps verifications was set to 1000 times.
Biology 12 00758 g003
Biology 12 00758 g004 550
Figure 4. Tertiary structure model of Leptin predicted from amino acid sequences. (A) Yellow Cheek Carp, (B) Human, (C) Grass Carp.
Figure 4. Tertiary structure model of Leptin predicted from amino acid sequences. (A) Yellow Cheek Carp, (B) Human, (C) Grass Carp.
Biology 12 00758 g004
Biology 12 00758 g005 550
Figure 5. Relative mRNA expression of EbLep in various tissues. All values represent the mean ± S.D. (n = 6).
Figure 5. Relative mRNA expression of EbLep in various tissues. All values represent the mean ± S.D. (n = 6).
Biology 12 00758 g005
Biology 12 00758 g006 550
Figure 6. Relative Expression of EbLep mRNA in the liver (a) and brain (b) under fasting and refeeding. F3 and F8 indicate fasting for 3 and 8 days, respectively. F8R1h, F8R6h, F8R1d, F8R6d, and F8R28 indicate refeeding for 1 h, 6 h, 1 day, 6 days, and 28 days after 8 days of fasting, respectively. Significant differences among treatment groups (ANOVA, p < 0.05) are indicated by different capital letters (A, B, and C); no significant differences among control groups (ANOVA, p > 0.05) are indicated by different lowercase letters (a); and significant differences between control and treatment groups (ANOVA, p < 0.05) are indicated by *.
Figure 6. Relative Expression of EbLep mRNA in the liver (a) and brain (b) under fasting and refeeding. F3 and F8 indicate fasting for 3 and 8 days, respectively. F8R1h, F8R6h, F8R1d, F8R6d, and F8R28 indicate refeeding for 1 h, 6 h, 1 day, 6 days, and 28 days after 8 days of fasting, respectively. Significant differences among treatment groups (ANOVA, p < 0.05) are indicated by different capital letters (A, B, and C); no significant differences among control groups (ANOVA, p > 0.05) are indicated by different lowercase letters (a); and significant differences between control and treatment groups (ANOVA, p < 0.05) are indicated by *.
Biology 12 00758 g006
Table
Table 1. Primer sequences for PCR.
Table 1. Primer sequences for PCR.
PurposeNameSequence (5′-3′)Annealing TemperatureE-Values
Core Fragment Sequence AcquisitionLEP-1F: ATGTATTYTCCAGYTCTTC55 °C
R: GCATGAACTSTKTCAGTC
5′-RACE PCRLEP-5′-RACE-1ATGATGGTGTCTGCCT
LEP-5′-RACE-2TGAGGCTATCCTGATG
LEP-5′-RACE-3CCATCAATCAGACCAAGAAT
3′-RACE PCRLEP-3′-RACE-1CCAAGGGGCATGTGAGCCAGTTAC
LEP-3′-RACE-2GCACACCAAAGGAGCCAGCCAATG
Expression Examinationq-leptinF: ACTGTCTCCAAAGATCCTCA60 °C100.3%
R: AAAAGGGTGGACACATCATT
Reference Genesβ-actinF: CCTGTATGCCTCTGGTCG60 °C98.6%
R: CTCGGCTGTGGTGGTGAA
Note: Primer synthesis and sequencing in this experiment were performed by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.
Table
Table 2. Amino acid sequence identities of EbLep compared with leptin of various vertebrates.
Table 2. Amino acid sequence identities of EbLep compared with leptin of various vertebrates.
Eb LEPCi LEPCa LEPMa LEPCg
LEP-A		CcLEP-A2Lr LEPSp LEPSr LEPDr LEP-ATf LEPTv LEPXl LEPHs LEP
Eb LEP100.00%
Ci LEP91.60%100.00%
Ca LEP91.60%89.70%100.00%
Ma LEP91.00%89.70%96.10%100.00%
Cg LEP-A76.10%75.50%72.90%73.50%100.00%
Cc LEP-A276.80%76.80%74.20%74.20%87.10%100.00%
Lr LEP74.80%73.40%72.90%71.60%78.80%77.40%100.00%
Sp LEP74.20%74.20%72.30%73.50%83.20%86.50%75.50%100.00%
Sr LEP74.20%72.90%72.30%73.50%83.20%86.50%75.50%97.40%100.00%
Dr LEP-A60.00%59.40%58.70%59.40%63.90%65.20%63.90%61.90%61.90%100.00%
Tf LEP40.00%40.00%40.00%40.60%38.70%41.30%37.40%40.60%41.30%36.80%100.00%
Tv LEP40.00%40.00%40.00%40.60%39.40%41.90%38.10%41.30%41.90%37.40%99.40%100.00%
Xl LEP27.70%30.30%28.40%28.40%28.40%26.50%27.10%27.10%26.50%27.70%29.00%29.00%100.00%
Hs LEP23.20%22.60%21.30%21.30%22.60%25.20%23.90%25.20%23.90%23.20%21.30%21.30%35.50%100.00%
Note: The abbreviations of the species listed in this table are as follows: Elopichthys bambusa (Eb); Ctenopharyngodon idella (Ci); Culter alburnus (Ca); Megalobrama amblycephala (Ma); Carassius gibelio (Cg); Cyprinus carpio (Cc); Labeo rohita (Lr); Schizothorax prenanti (Sp); Schizothorax richardsonii (Sr); Danio rerio (Dr); Tachysurus fulvidraco (Tf); Tachysurus vachellii (Tv); Xenopus laevis (Xl); Homo sapiens (Hs).
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Xie, M.; Gao, J.; Wu, H.; Cheng, X.; Zhang, Z.; Song, R.; Li, S.; Zhou, J.; Li, C.; Zeng, G. Molecular Characterization and Expression Pattern of leptin in Yellow Cheek Carp (Elopichthys bambusa) and Its Transcriptional Changes in Response to Fasting and Refeeding. Biology 2023, 12, 758. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12050758

AMA Style

Xie M, Gao J, Wu H, Cheng X, Zhang Z, Song R, Li S, Zhou J, Li C, Zeng G. Molecular Characterization and Expression Pattern of leptin in Yellow Cheek Carp (Elopichthys bambusa) and Its Transcriptional Changes in Response to Fasting and Refeeding. Biology. 2023; 12(5):758. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12050758

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xie, Min, Jinwei Gao, Hao Wu, Xiaofei Cheng, Zhou Zhang, Rui Song, Shaoming Li, Jie Zhou, Cheng Li, and Guoqing Zeng. 2023. "Molecular Characterization and Expression Pattern of leptin in Yellow Cheek Carp (Elopichthys bambusa) and Its Transcriptional Changes in Response to Fasting and Refeeding" Biology 12, no. 5: 758. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12050758

APA Style

Xie, M., Gao, J., Wu, H., Cheng, X., Zhang, Z., Song, R., Li, S., Zhou, J., Li, C., & Zeng, G. (2023). Molecular Characterization and Expression Pattern of leptin in Yellow Cheek Carp (Elopichthys bambusa) and Its Transcriptional Changes in Response to Fasting and Refeeding. Biology, 12(5), 758. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12050758

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop