The Constellation of Risk Factors and Paraneoplastic Syndromes in Cholangiocarcinoma: Integrating the Endocrine Panel Amid Tumour-Related Biology (A Narrative Review)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. CCA-Associated Risk Factors and Potential Contributors
2.1. Chronic Biliary Diseases
2.2. Chronic Liver Conditions
2.3. Digestive Ailments
2.4. Parasitic Infections
2.5. Lifestyle Influence
2.6. Environmental Exposure
2.7. Genetic and Epigenetic (Potential) Interplay
3. Metabolic and Endocrine Interferences in CCA Development
3.1. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
3.2. Obesity
3.3. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
3.4. Vitamin D Status
3.5. Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor (GLP-1R)
3.6. Galanin System
3.7. Sex Hormone Therapy
4. Paraneoplastic Syndrome in CCAs
4.1. Dermatological Features Have Been Found as Followings
4.1.1. Acanthosis
4.1.2. Alopecia
4.1.3. Dermatomyositis
4.1.4. Porokeratosis
4.1.5. Necrotic Migratory Erythema
4.1.6. Persistent Erythema Multiform
4.1.7. Sweet Syndrome
4.1.8. Bazex Syndrome
4.1.9. Erythema
4.1.10. Pityriasis
4.1.11. Lupus
4.1.12. Leser–Trelat Sign
4.1.13. Porphyria
4.2. Neurological Paraneoplastic Elements
4.3. Renal Findings
4.4. Haematological Manifestations
4.5. Humoral Manifestations
5. Discussion
5.1. Imagery Tools to Help the Clinical Assessment
5.2. Is There a Place for Endocrine Considerations in CCAs?
5.3. Current Limits and Further Expansion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ANCA | anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies |
ATF2 | activating transcription factor-2 |
CCA | cholangiocarcinoma |
CA 19-9 | carbohydrate antigen 19-9 |
CI | confidence interval |
CEUS | contrast-enhanced ultrasound |
dCCA | distal cholangiocarcinoma |
DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
DDP4 | dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors |
ENDSs | electronic nicotine delivery systems |
ERK | extracellular signal-related kinase |
CCAs | extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma |
GLP-1R | glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor |
GAL-R | galanin receptors |
G-CSF | granulocyte-colony stimulation factor |
HBV | hepatitis B virus chronic infection |
HVC | hepatitis C virus chronic infection |
iCCA | intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma |
JNK | c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
NAFLD | non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
NASH | non-alcoholic steatohepatitis |
NOX1 | KNOTTED-like homebox |
NOX | NADPH oxidase |
pCCA | perihilar cholangiocarcinoma |
PSC | primary sclerosing cholangitis |
PTHrP | parathyroid hormone-related protein |
PTHLH | parathyroid hormone-like hormone |
PAN | polyarteritis nodosa |
RNA | ribonucleic acid |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
RANKL | receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand |
S1PR2 | sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor 2 |
TGF-α | tumour growth factor-alpha |
TNF-α | tumour necrosis factor-alpha |
TAUS | transabdominal ultrasound |
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Conditions | Key Elements | Reference Numbers |
---|---|---|
Chronic biliary diseases | Primary sclerosing cholangitis | [7,8,9] |
Bile ducts cysts or choledochal cysts (including Caroli’s disease) | [13,14,16,17] | |
Hepatholithiasis | [17] | |
Chronic liver conditions | Cirrhosis | [1,9,15,20,21,22] |
Hepatitis B and C virus chronic infections | [15,23,24,25,26,27] | |
Hemochromatosis | [1,28,29,30,31,32,33] | |
Wilson’s disease | [34,35,36,37] | |
Digestive ailments | Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease) Chronic pancreatitis Duodenal or gastric ulcer | [1,13,15,38,39] |
Parasitic infections (liver fluke) | Opisthorchis viverrini or Clonorchis sinensis | [1,6,9,15,42,43,44] |
Lifestyle influence | Chronic alcohol consumption | [44,45] |
Cigarette smoking | [55,56,57] | |
Environmental exposure | Thorotrast | [61,62] |
Asbestos | [64,65,66] | |
Genetic and epigenetic considerations | BRCA to TBX3, p53 | [69,70,71] |
Metabolic and endocrine interferences | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | [78,79] |
Obesity | [80,81,82,83] | |
Type 2 diabetes mellitus | [1,5,9,15,84,85,86] | |
Vitamin D deficiency | [90,91] | |
Modulation of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor | [98] | |
Modulation of galanin system | [100,101] | |
Sex hormone therapy (oestrogens in adult females) | [107,108,109] |
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Share and Cite
Ciobica, M.-L.; Sandulescu, B.-A.; Chicea, L.-M.; Iordache, M.; Groseanu, M.-L.; Carsote, M.; Nistor, C.; Radu, A.-M. The Constellation of Risk Factors and Paraneoplastic Syndromes in Cholangiocarcinoma: Integrating the Endocrine Panel Amid Tumour-Related Biology (A Narrative Review). Biology 2024, 13, 662. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13090662
Ciobica M-L, Sandulescu B-A, Chicea L-M, Iordache M, Groseanu M-L, Carsote M, Nistor C, Radu A-M. The Constellation of Risk Factors and Paraneoplastic Syndromes in Cholangiocarcinoma: Integrating the Endocrine Panel Amid Tumour-Related Biology (A Narrative Review). Biology. 2024; 13(9):662. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13090662
Chicago/Turabian StyleCiobica, Mihai-Lucian, Bianca-Andreea Sandulescu, Liana-Maria Chicea, Mihaela Iordache, Maria-Laura Groseanu, Mara Carsote, Claudiu Nistor, and Ana-Maria Radu. 2024. "The Constellation of Risk Factors and Paraneoplastic Syndromes in Cholangiocarcinoma: Integrating the Endocrine Panel Amid Tumour-Related Biology (A Narrative Review)" Biology 13, no. 9: 662. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13090662