Estimating Dietary Protein and Sodium Intake with Sodium Removal in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Laboratory Method
2.2. Statistical Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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RRF < 2 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 28) |
RRF > 2 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 32) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 56.39 ± 13.25 | 58.28 ± 12.53 | 0.573 |
Male gender (n; %) | 11 (39.3%) | 17 (53.1%) | 0.208 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.87 ± 3.57 | 24.92 ± 4.73 | 0.930 |
%LBM | 37.23 ± 7.14 | 51.48 ± 11.41 | <0.001 |
PD duration (months) | 51 (3–147) | 24.75 (3–67) | 0.001 |
CAPD vs. CCPD/APD (n; %) | 20 (71.4%) | 22 (68.8%) | 0.523 |
DM (n; %) | 9 (32.1%) | 7 (21.9%) | 0.272 |
Davies comorbidity grade low/(medium + high) (n; %) | 8 (28.6%) | 12 (37.5%) | 0.325 |
D/PCr | 0.67 ± 0.11 | 0.64 ± 0.12 | 0.259 |
F/FA transporters (n; %) | 19 (67.9%) | 16 (50%) | 0.128 |
RD (mL/day) | 800 (0–1650) | 1425 (300–3235) | 0.000 |
UF (mL/day) | 1197.32 ± 440.35 | 866.09 ± 425.65 | <0.004 |
MAP (mmHg) | 98.28 ± 10.64 | 92.9 ± 9.65 | <0.046 |
Kt/V | 2.2 (1.3–3.33) | 2.61 (1.6–4.4) | 0.011 |
CrCl (L/week) | 59.85 (44–115.9) | 95.45 (55.8–233.6) | 0.000 |
Hb (g/dL) | 8.5 (9–11.8) | 9.75 (8.9–14) | 0.03 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 9.2 ± 2.17 | 6.67 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
Albumin (g/L) | 32.61 ± 5.98 | 35.03 ± 5.23 | 0.099 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 5.46 ± 1.74 | 5.01 ± 1.3 | 0.465 |
CRP (mg/L) | 5.95 (0.6–23) | 4.98 (0.3–14.6) | 0.101 |
Sodium intake (g/day) | 3.51 ± 0.84 | 3.46 ± 0.83 | 0.883 |
Protein intake (g/day) | 66.71 ± 14.13 | 71.65 ± 13.03 | 0.373 |
DPI (g/kg/day) | 0.96 ± 0.15 | 0.93 ± 0.2 | 0.65 |
nPCR (g/kg/day) | 0.86 ± 0.23 | 0.84 ± 0.21 | 0.836 |
DEI (kcal/kg/day) | 29.63 ± 2.7 | 26.81 ± 6.52 | 0.249 |
DSR (mmol/day) | 171.7 ± 57.97 | 132.77 ± 64.7 | <0.021 |
USR (mmol/day) | 72.8 (0–165) | 101.15 (25.2–338.1) | 0.000 |
TSR (mmol/day) | 211.07 ± 62.81 | 253.54 ± 92.56 | <0.046 |
DCG—Low | DCG—Medium | DCG—High | |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 19) | (n = 28) | (n = 13) | |
Age (years; mean ± SD) | 56.63 ± 11.54 | 55.50 ± 13.25 | 64.08 ± 12.18 |
PD duration (months; mean ± SD) | 33.42 ± 33.81 | 32.71 ± 41.53 | 27.61 ± 20 |
Sodium intake (g/day; mean ± SD) | 3.12 ± 0.86 ++ | 4.02 ± 0.58 | 3.15 ± 0.25 |
Protein intake (g/day; mean ± SD) | 68.85 ± 12.25 | 75.97 ± 13.34 | 59.31 ± 10.30 |
DPI (g/kg/day; mean ± SD) | 0.91 ± 0.18 | 1 ± 0.21 | 0.82 ± 0.12 |
nPCR (g/kg/day; mean ± SD) | 0.87 ± 0.23 | 0.83 ± 0.21 | 0.79 ± 0.16 |
DEI (kcal/kg/day; mean ± SD) | 26.16 ± 5.01 | 30.32 ± 6.49 | 24.34 ± 4.46 |
DSR (mmol/day; mean ± SD) | 149.45 ± 61.50 | 152.27 ± 64.68 | 151.73 ± 71.72 |
USR (mmol/day; mean ± SD) | 113.64 ± 83.95 ** | 78.93 ± 67.37 | 43.55 ± 33.86 |
TSR (mmol/day; mean ± SD) | 263.12 ± 94.25 | 230.68 ± 77.77 | 195.29 ± 54.6 |
D/PCr (mean ± SD) | 0.61 ± 0.12 | 0.67 ± 0.12 | 0.70 ± 0.09 |
Kt/V (mean ± SD) | 2.63 ± 0.73 ** | 2.53 ± 0.62 ** | 1.88 ± 0.40 |
CrCl | |||
(L/week; mean ± SD) | 90.99 ± 44.3 * | 89.56 ± 28.91 * | 60.32 ± 12.84 |
UF | |||
(mL/day; mean ± SD) | 1077.63 ± 443.45 | 970 ± 480.66 | 1046.54 ± 62.84 |
RD | |||
(mL/day; mean ± SD) | 1339.74 ± 814.47 ** | 942.86 ± 662.87 | 560.77 ± 428.57 |
Cr (mg/dL; mean ± SD) | 8.23 ± 2.46 | 7.35 ± 2.34 | 8.37 ± 1.88 |
Albumin (g/L; mean ± SD) | 37.63 ± 5.76 **+ | 33.36 ± 4.47 | 29.61 ± 4.61 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL; mean ± SD) | 206.88 ± 58.75 | 173.63 ± 34.42 | 218.1 ± 69.99 |
Hb (g/dL; mean ± SD) | 11.03 ± 1.27 *+ | 10.27 ± 0.76 | 10 ± 0.89 |
CRP (mg/L; mean ± SD) | 4.07 ± 3.17 ** | 5.91 ± 3.36 | 10 ± 5.80 |
MAP (mmHg; mean ± SD) | 95.11 ± 8.50 | 94.43 ± 10.23 | 98.15 ± 13.23 |
LVH (Yes/No) | 4/15 **++ | 15/13 ** | 12/1 |
DPI < 0.8 g/kg/day (n = 18) | DPI > 0.8 g/kg/day (n = 42) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years; mean ± SD) | 57.67 ± 9.25 | 63.59 ± 11.61 | 0.184 |
PD duration (months; mean ± SD) | 9.78 ± 10.18 | 37.11 ± 34.93 | 0.011 |
BMI (kg/m2; mean ± SD) | 26.19 ± 2.4 | 24.02 ± 3.13 | <0.041 |
%LBM | 49.39 ± 14.73 | 47.15 ± 11.25 | 0.689 |
Protein intake (g/day; mean ± SD) | 60.77 ± 6.26 | 74.3 ± 13.44 | <0.008 |
nPCR (g/kg/day; mean ± SD) | 0.66 ± 0.1 | 0.92 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
DEI (kcal/kg/day; mean ± SD) | 24.22 ± 4.91 | 28.89 ± 5.78 | <0.035 |
Sodium intake (g/day; mean ± SD) | 2.94 ± 0.86 | 3.69 ± 0.71 | <0.018 |
Kt/V | 2.11 ± 0.51 | 2.35 ± 0.47 | 0.222 |
CrCl (L/week; mean ± SD) | 74.22 ± 30.93 | 77.36 ± 19.68 | 0.331 |
RRF (mL/min/1.73 m2; mean ± SD) | 4.53 ± 3.38 | 3.67 ± 2.42 | 0.557 |
Albumin (g/L; mean ± SD) | 38.44 ± 3.94 | 37.73 ± 4.9 | 0.674 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL; mean ± SD) | 212.68 ± 47.18 | 191.8 ± 58.78 | 0.367 |
Peritoneal protein loss (g/day; mean ± SD) | 6.3 ± 2.81 | 8.6 ± 4.99 | 0.242 |
DPI (g/kg/day) | Protein Intake (g/day) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
R | p-Value | R | p-Value | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | Male | −0.434 | 0.021 | −0.138 | 0.484 |
Female | −0.365 | 0.04 | −0.125 | 0.496 | |
nPCR (g/kg/day) | Male | 0.352 | 0.067 | 0.241 | 0.217 |
Female | 0.455 | 0.009 | 0.282 | 0.117 | |
LBM (%) | Male | −0.204 | 0.297 | −0.053 | 0.788 |
Female | −0.124 | 0.439 | −0.063 | 0.734 | |
Total energy intake (kcal/day) | Male | 0.243 | 0.213 | 0.409 | 0.031 |
Female | 0.255 | 0.160 | 0.476 | 0.006 | |
DEI (kcal/kg/day) | Male | 0.557 | 0.002 | 0.355 | 0.064 |
Female | 0.655 | 0.00 | 0.343 | 0.054 | |
Albumin (g/L) | Male | 0.042 | 0.831 | −0.048 | 0.808 |
Female | −0.002 | 0.991 | 0.059 | 0.746 |
LBM% | ||
---|---|---|
R | p-Value | |
Female gender | −0.433 | 0.015 |
Age (years) | −0.261 | 0.157 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.462 | 0.009 |
nPCR (g/kg/day) | 0.186 | 0.316 |
Davies comorbidity grade | −0.193 | 0.299 |
RRF (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 0.616 | 0.000 |
Kt/V | 0.09 | 0.636 |
CrCl (L/week) | 0.482 | 0.007 |
Albumin (g/L) | 0.515 | 0.003 |
Peritoneal protein loss (g/day) | 0.133 | 0.501 |
DPI (g/kg/day) | Total Protein Intake (g/day) | nPCR (g/kg/day) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R | p-Value | R | p-Value | R | p-Value | |
TSR (mmol/day) | 0.154 | 0.408 | 0.267 | 0.147 | 0.179 | 0.336 |
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Bontić, A.; Kezić, A.; Pavlović, J.; Baralić, M.; Gajić, S.; Petrovic, K.; Ristanović, V.K.; Petrović, O.; Stjepanović, V.; Stanković, S.; et al. Estimating Dietary Protein and Sodium Intake with Sodium Removal in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Metabolites 2024, 14, 460. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14080460
Bontić A, Kezić A, Pavlović J, Baralić M, Gajić S, Petrovic K, Ristanović VK, Petrović O, Stjepanović V, Stanković S, et al. Estimating Dietary Protein and Sodium Intake with Sodium Removal in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Metabolites. 2024; 14(8):460. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14080460
Chicago/Turabian StyleBontić, Ana, Aleksandra Kezić, Jelena Pavlović, Marko Baralić, Selena Gajić, Kristina Petrovic, Vidna Karadžić Ristanović, Olga Petrović, Vera Stjepanović, Sanja Stanković, and et al. 2024. "Estimating Dietary Protein and Sodium Intake with Sodium Removal in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients" Metabolites 14, no. 8: 460. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14080460