Challenges in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants DNA Barcoding—Lessons from the Lamiaceae
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Introducing the Historical Importance and Status of Medicinal Plants
1.2. Increasing TM Supply Demand Threatening “Wild Type” Stock
1.3. Herbal Medicines Quality Assurance Strategies
2. DNA Barcoding—Lessons from the Lamiaceae
2.1. A Carvone Focussed Market and Hybridisation: Mentha L.—Mentheae: Nepetioideae
- (i)
- Hybridization or cryptic taxa. Hybridization and polyploidy have indeed most likely played important roles during speciation in mints, which forms one reason the number of taxonomically valid species is a subject of controversy [153,154].The complex genomic networks of taxa with porous genomes, cause phenotypic mosaics that behave dynamically [155]. Indeed, plasticity is highly known in Mentha [156,157], which confounds morphological identification. Complex morphological, chemical, and molecular diversity in mints have already been described in many studies, e.g., [126,131,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166]. Despite the enormous amount of data gathered, however, there is still need of taxonomic revisions within the genus. In the recent revised phylogenetic analysis [131] the origin of M. spicata as hybrid was not supported and hidden cryptic taxa were detected in the genus.
- (ii)
- Selection of chemical markers. Carvone, a characteristic compound produced by M. spicata is also produced by different species from different plant families [144]. Chemical markers such as carvone in spearmint, and menthofuran and menthol in peppermint are used in practice for authentication of oils regardless of their sources [49].
2.2. Two-Tier Trade Variety Selection for the Fragrance and Horticulture Industries: Lavandula L.—Ocimeae: Nepetioideae
2.3. The Diaspora of People and Plants: Ocimum L.—Ocimeae: Nepetioideae
2.4. Demands of High-Quality Herbal Products in the Food Market: Origanum L.—Mentheae: Nepetioideae
2.5. Rising Demand of Natural Products in Pharma Market: Scutellaria L.—Scutellarioideae
2.6. High Utilisation of Functional or Superfood Food and Complex Taxonomy: Salvia L.—Mentheae: Nepetioideae
3. Evolving DNA Barcoding Technologies
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nazar, N.; Howard, C.; Slater, A.; Sgamma, T. Challenges in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants DNA Barcoding—Lessons from the Lamiaceae. Plants 2022, 11, 137. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010137
Nazar N, Howard C, Slater A, Sgamma T. Challenges in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants DNA Barcoding—Lessons from the Lamiaceae. Plants. 2022; 11(1):137. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010137
Chicago/Turabian StyleNazar, Nazia, Caroline Howard, Adrian Slater, and Tiziana Sgamma. 2022. "Challenges in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants DNA Barcoding—Lessons from the Lamiaceae" Plants 11, no. 1: 137. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010137