Exogenous Putrescine Increases Heat Tolerance in Tomato Seedlings by Regulating Chlorophyll Metabolism and Enhancing Antioxidant Defense Efficiency
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effects of Putrescine on the Growth Attributes of Tomato Seedlings under Heat Stress
2.2. Putrescine Treatment Increases Pigment Content and Regulates Chlorophyll Metabolism in Tomato Seedlings under Heat Stress
2.3. Effects of Putrescine on Gas Exchange Parameters under Heat Stress
2.4. The Positive Role of Putrescine on Photosynthesis-Related Attributes under Heat Stress
2.5. Effect of Putrescine on the Content of Proline and Soluble Sugar in Tomato Seedlings under Heat Stress
2.6. Putrescine Treatment Mitigates the Oxidative Stress of Tomato Seedlings under Heat Stress
2.7. Putrescine Increases Antioxidant Enzymes Activity under Heat Stress
2.8. Putrescine Modulates the Transcription of Antioxidant-Related Genes under Heat Stress
2.9. Putrescine Modulates Transcript Levels of Heat-Shock-Related Genes
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Planting Material and Growth Environments
4.2. Analysis of Growth Indicators
4.3. Determination of Chlorophyll Content and Gas Exchange Parameters
4.4. Determination of Chlorophyll Related Enzyme Activity
4.5. Measurement of Maximum Photochemical Efficiency
4.6. Determination of Proline Accumulation
4.7. Sugar Assays
4.8. Measurement of Electrolyte Leakage
4.9. Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation (MDA)
4.10. Histochemical Detection of H2O2 and O2•−
4.11. H2O2 Measurement
4.12. Determination of O2•− Production Rate
4.13. Antioxidant Enzyme Assay
4.14. Protein Extraction
4.15. Determination of Free Polyamines Content
4.16. Total RNA Isolation and Gene Expression Analysis
4.17. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Jahan, M.S.; Hasan, M.M.; Alotaibi, F.S.; Alabdallah, N.M.; Alharbi, B.M.; Ramadan, K.M.A.; Bendary, E.S.A.; Alshehri, D.; Jabborova, D.; Al-Balawi, D.A.; et al. Exogenous Putrescine Increases Heat Tolerance in Tomato Seedlings by Regulating Chlorophyll Metabolism and Enhancing Antioxidant Defense Efficiency. Plants 2022, 11, 1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11081038
Jahan MS, Hasan MM, Alotaibi FS, Alabdallah NM, Alharbi BM, Ramadan KMA, Bendary ESA, Alshehri D, Jabborova D, Al-Balawi DA, et al. Exogenous Putrescine Increases Heat Tolerance in Tomato Seedlings by Regulating Chlorophyll Metabolism and Enhancing Antioxidant Defense Efficiency. Plants. 2022; 11(8):1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11081038
Chicago/Turabian StyleJahan, Mohammad Shah, Md. Mahadi Hasan, Fahad S. Alotaibi, Nadiyah M. Alabdallah, Basmah M. Alharbi, Khaled M. A. Ramadan, Eslam S. A. Bendary, Dikhnah Alshehri, Dilfuza Jabborova, Doha A. Al-Balawi, and et al. 2022. "Exogenous Putrescine Increases Heat Tolerance in Tomato Seedlings by Regulating Chlorophyll Metabolism and Enhancing Antioxidant Defense Efficiency" Plants 11, no. 8: 1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11081038