Metarhizium carneum Formulations: A Promising New Biological Control to Be Incorporated in the Integrated Management of Meloidogyne enterolobii on Tomato Plants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Evaluation of the Liquid vs. Powdered Formulation of Metarhizium carneum against Meloidogyne enterolobii in Greenhouse Tomato Plants
2.2. Effectiveness of M. carneum Liquid Formulation Compared to Commercial Nematicide Products
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Fungal Strain and Growth Conditions
4.2. Preparation of Metarhizium carneum Formulations
4.3. Obtaining Meloidogyne enterolobii Inoculum
4.4. Evaluation of Metarhizium carneum Formulations for Controlling Meloidogyne enterolobii in Tomato
4.5. Evaluation of Metarhizium carneum Liquid Formulation Compared to Different Commercial Nematicide Products for Controlling Meloidogyne enterolobii in Tomato
4.6. Greenhouse Conditions
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | Galls Number per Root | Galling Index | Eggs and J2 g Root−1 | J2 g−1 Rhizospheric Soil | Total Nematode Population |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liquid | 145 ± 110 | 1.86 ± 0.4 | 14,481 ± 11,938 a 1 | 12 ± 17 a | 85,005 ± 75,363 a |
Powder | 156 ± 124 | 1.93 ± 0.26 | 22,207 ± 13,505 a | 11 ± 12 a | 74,678 ± 57,624 a |
Untreated | 189 ± 106 | 2 ± 0 | 64,791 ± 38,944 b | 26 ± 8 b | 257,187 ± 170,414 b |
p | p = 0.66 | p = 0.72 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.01 |
Treatments | Height cm | Foliage Fresh Weight g | Rooth Length cm | Root Fresh Weight g |
---|---|---|---|---|
Liquid | 97 ± 10 | 46 ± 10 a 1 | 19.5 ± 4.1 | 5.2 ± 3.6 |
Powder | 89 ± 15 | 36 ± 10.9 b | 16.4 ± 4.3 | 3.7 ± 1.9 |
Control | 90 ± 13 | 40 ± 10 ab | 16.8 ± 3.8 | 4.6 ± 2.6 |
p | 0.21 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.09 |
Treatments | Galling Index | Eggs and J2 g Root−1 | Final Eggs and J2 | Reproduction Factor |
---|---|---|---|---|
Metarhizium carneum | 2.6 ± 0.5 b 1 | 6665 ± 2453 cd | 154,542 ± 37,516 b | 6.2 ± 1.5 b |
Purpureocillium lilacinum | 2.6 ± 0.5 b | 5626 ± 1045 bc | 164,850 ± 28,727 b | 6.6 ± 1.1 b |
Metabolites from M. verrucaria fermentation | 2.3 ± 0.5 b | 3553 ± 2020 b | 115,238 ± 58,897 b | 4.6 ± 2.3 b |
Metam sodium + Metarhizium carneum | 1.0 ± 0 a | 66 ± 19 a | 563 ± 194 a | 0.02 ± 0.007 a |
Fluensulfone | 1.0 ± 0 a | 158 ± 59 a | 1913 ± 1017 a | 0.1 ± 0.04 a |
Metam sodium + abamectina | 1.0 ± 0 a | 15 ± 4 a | 128 ± 22.5 a | 0.005 ± 0.0009 a |
Control | 3.3 ± 0.5 c | 9255 ± 2355 d | 245,625 ± 26,591 c | 9.8 ± 1 c |
p | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
Treatments | Galling Index | Eggs and J2 g Root−1 | Final Eggs and J2 | Reproduction Factor |
---|---|---|---|---|
Metarhizium carneum | 3.4 ± 0.5 b 1 | 2614 ± 1298 ab | 423,825 ± 168,141 b | 17.0 ± 6.7 b |
Purpureocillium lilacinum | 4.3 ± 0.5 c | 5296 ± 2344 b | 486,300 ± 133,878 b | 19.5 ± 5.4 b |
Metabolites from M. verrucaria fermentation | 4.7 ± 0.4 c | 9049 ± 3733 c | 532,425 ± 127,316 b | 21.3 ± 5.1 b |
Metam sodium + Metarhizium carneum | 1.3 ± 0.5 a | 336 ± 12.2 a | 16,980 ± 5087 a | 0.7 ± 0.2 a |
Fluensulfone | 1.0 ± 0 a | 83 ± 33 a | 2625 ± 1267 a | 0.1 ± 0.05 a |
Metam sodium + abamectina | 1.3 ± 0.5 a | 312 ± 212 a | 29,175 ± 12,862 a | 1.2 ± 0.5 a |
Control | 5.0 ± 0 c | 9268 ± 2111 c | 681,000 ± 531,754 b | 27.2 ± 21.3 b |
p | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
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López-Lima, D.; Alarcón-Utrera, D.; Ordáz-Meléndez, J.Á.; Villain, L.; Carrión, G. Metarhizium carneum Formulations: A Promising New Biological Control to Be Incorporated in the Integrated Management of Meloidogyne enterolobii on Tomato Plants. Plants 2023, 12, 3431. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193431
López-Lima D, Alarcón-Utrera D, Ordáz-Meléndez JÁ, Villain L, Carrión G. Metarhizium carneum Formulations: A Promising New Biological Control to Be Incorporated in the Integrated Management of Meloidogyne enterolobii on Tomato Plants. Plants. 2023; 12(19):3431. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193431
Chicago/Turabian StyleLópez-Lima, Daniel, David Alarcón-Utrera, José Ángel Ordáz-Meléndez, Luc Villain, and Gloria Carrión. 2023. "Metarhizium carneum Formulations: A Promising New Biological Control to Be Incorporated in the Integrated Management of Meloidogyne enterolobii on Tomato Plants" Plants 12, no. 19: 3431. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193431