Differences in Seed Weight, Amino Acid, Fatty Acid, Oil, and Squalene Content in γ-Irradiation-Developed and Commercial Amaranth Varieties (Amaranthus spp.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Evaluation of 1000-seed Weight
2.2. Amino Acid Analysis
2.3. Total Oil and Squalene Content
2.4. Fatty Acid Composition
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Plant Material and 1000-seed Weight
3.2. Amino Acid Analysis
3.3. Oil Analysis
3.3.1. Oil Content and Squalene Content
3.3.2. Fatty Acid Composition
3.4. Experiment Design and Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | A. cruentus L. | A. hypochondriacus x A. hybridus | ± SE | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
‘Pribina’ | Ficha | Aztec | ‘Zobor’ | K-433 | Plainsman | Koniz | ||
2016 | 0.97 a | 0.87 b | 0.73 e | 0.83 c | 0.82 d | 0.72 f | 0.71 f | 0.81 ± 0.09 |
2017 | 0.95 a | 0.84 c | 0.78 d | 0.86 b | 0.84 c | 0.73 e | 0.69 f | 0.81 ± 0.09 |
2018 | 0.90 b | 0.77 e | 0.82 d | 0.84 c | 0.77 e | 0.68 f | 0.68 f | 0.78 ± 0.08 |
Amino Acid | A. cruentus L. | A. hypochondriacus x A. hybridus | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
’Pribina’ | Ficha | ’Zobor’ | K-433 | Plainsman | Koniz | |
Essential Amino Acid | ||||||
Arginine (Arg) | 6.16 ± 0.34 b | 6.23 ± 0.14 ab | 7.66 ± 1.29 a | 7.13 ± 0.01 ab | 6.63 ± 1.55 ab | 7.04 ± 0.45 ab |
Histidine (His) | 2.37 ± 0.09 c | 2.43 ± 0.47 bc | 2.91 ± 0.45 ab | 3,02 ± 0.17 a | 2.61 ± 0.25 abc | 2.91 ± 0.05 ab |
Isoleucine (Ile) | 2.15 ± 0.20 a | 2.03 ± 0.33 ab | 2.09 ± 0.04 a | 1.43 ± 0.16 b | 1.96 ± 0.76 ab | 1.61 ± 0.07 ab |
Leucine (Leu) | 3.94 ± 0.42 a | 3.97 ± 0.42 a | 4.71 ± 0.65 a | 4.32 ± 0.19 a | 4.36 ± 0.71 a | 4.47 ± 0.03 a |
Methionine (Met) | 2.00 ± 0.24 a | 2.18 ± 0.40 a | 1.83 ± 0.01 a | 2.23 ± 0.46 a | 2.13 ± 0.32 a | 2.13 ± 0.04 a |
Phenylalanine (Phe) | 2.74 ± 0.34 a | 2.79 ± 0.64 a | 3.35 ± 0.38 a | 2.85 ± 0.21 a | 3.21 ±0.64 a | 3.20 ± 0.12 a |
Threonine (Thr) | 3.06 ± 0.19 a | 2.99 ± 0.42 a | 3.41 ± 0.32 a | 2.92 ± 0.09 a | 3.10 ± 0.75 a | 2.98 ± 0.10 a |
Lysine (Lys) | 4.23 ± 0.31 a | 4.22 ± 0.13 a | 4.70 ± 0.55 a | 4.30 ± 0.07 a | 4.26 ± 0.92 a | 4.25 ± 0.18 a |
Valine (Val) | 2.40 ± 0.29 a | 2.22 ± 0.36 abc | 2.30 ± 0.05 ab | 1.63 ± 0.14 c | 2.09 ± 0.72 abc | 1.74 ± 0.09 bc |
Nonessential Amino Acid | ||||||
Alanine (Ala) | 2.91 ± 0.16 b | 3.12 ± 0.08 ab | 3.79 ± 0.85 a | 3.14 ± 0.27 ab | 3.04 ± 0.46 b | 3.32 ± 0.14 ab |
Aspartic acid (Asp) | 6.55 ± 0.13 a | 6.60 ± 0.08 a | 7.53 ± 1.20 a | 7.09 ± 0.11 a | 6.96 ± 0.94 a | 7.17 ± 0.23 a |
Cysteine (Cys) | 1.78 ± 0.13 b | 2.13 ± 0.06 a | 1.73 ± 0.13 b | 2.10 ± 0.04 a | 2.01 ± 0.13 a | 2.07 ± 0.03 a |
Glutamic acid (Glu) | 14.85 ± 0.61 a | 16.25 ± 0.80 a | 17.56 ± 1.87 a | 16.36 ± 0.15 a | 17.17 ± 3.35 a | 16.84 ± 0.54 a |
Glycine (Gly) | 5.74 ± 0.13 b | 6.14 ± 0.21 ab | 6.69 ± 0.94 a | 6.78 ±0.30 a | 6.22 ± 0.76 ab | 6.69 ± 0.10 a |
Pro (Proline) | 3.12 ± 0.22 a | 3.42 ± 0.11 a | 3.67 ± 0.34 a | 3.34 ± 0.02 a | 3.10 ± 0.99 a | 3.42 ± 0.11 a |
Ser (Serine) | 5.25 ± 0.07 ab | 5.14 ± 0.17 b | 5.99 ± 0.96 a | 5.88 ± 0.03 ab | 5.80 ± 0.57 ab | 5.84 ± 0.13 ab |
Tyr (Tyrosine) | 2.39 ± 0.07 ab | 2.71 ± 0.13 a | 2.75 ± 0.30 a | 2.11 ± 0.27 b | 2.71 ± 0.57 a | 2.47 ± 0.13 ab |
A. cruentus L. | A. hypochondriacus x A. hybridus | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
’Pribina’ | Ficha | Aztec | ’Zobor’ | K-433 | Plainsman | Koniz | |
Oil | 5.42 ± 0.32 a | 5.41 ± 0.56 a | 4.86 ± 0.51 b | 5.55 ± 0.39 a | 5.41 ± 0.23 a | 4.57 ± 0.29 c | 4.82 ± 0.45 b |
Squalene in oil | 6.94 ± 0.70 a | 6.42 ± 0.47 ab | 3.85 ± 1.20 d | 6.47 ± 0.83 ab | 5.54 ± 0.67 b | 4.21 ± 0.35 cd | 5.26 ± 1.08 bc |
Squalene in seeds | 0.38 ± 0.05 a | 0.35 ± 0.02 ab | 0.19 ± 0.08 d | 0.36 ± 0.19 ab | 0.30 ± 0.05 bc | 0.19 ± 0.01d | 0.26 ± 0.07 cd |
Fatty Acid | A. cruentus L. | A. hypochondriacus x A. hybridus | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
’Pribina’ | Ficha | ’Zobor’ | K-433 | |
Myristic acid (C14:0) | 0.19 ± 0.00 a | 0.19 ± 0.01 a | 0.17 ± 0.02 b | 0.19 ± 0.01 a |
Palmitic acid(C16:0) | 19.67 ± 0.48 a | 19.81 ± 0.31 a | 20.14 ± 0.25 a | 19.88 ± 0.63 a |
Palmitoleic acid (C16:1 cis) | 0.15 ± 0.02 a | 0.15 ± 0.02 a | 0.13 ± 0.02 a | 0.15 ± 0.02 a |
Stearic acid(C18:0) | 3.41 ± 0.30 a | 3.60 ± 0.16 a | 3.67 ± 0.08 a | 3.36 ± 0.29 a |
Oleic acid (C 18:1 cis) | 32.55 ± 1.53 a | 33.13 ± 2.95 a | 26.25 ± 3.43 b | 31.52 ± 1.85 a |
Linoleic acid (C18:2 cis) | 40.49 ± 0.55 b | 39.71 ± 1.83 b | 46.06 ± 4.43 a | 41.41 ± 0.70 b |
α-Linolenic acid (C18:3 cis) | 0.70 ± 0.02 a | 0.74 ± 0.04 a | 0.75 ± 0.06 a | 0.69 ± 0.04 a |
Arachidic acid (C20:0) | 0.50 ± 0.26 a | 0.50 ± 0.24 a | 0.48 ± 0.25 a | 0.49 ± 0.26 a |
Eicosenoic acid (C20:1 cis) | 0.33 ± 0.08 a | 0.34 ± 0.09 a | 0.26 ± 0.02 a | 0.31 ± 0.06 a |
Saturated | 23.77 ± 0.08 b | 23.95 ± 0.29 b | 24.46 ± 0.08 a | 23.93 ± 0.16 b |
Unsaturated | 75.07 ± 0.75 a | 75.46 ± 0.26 a | 74.74 ± 0.37 a | 74.71 ± 1.05 a |
Saturated/Unsaturated | 0.32 ± 0.00 b | 0.32 ± 0.00 b | 0.33 ± 0.00 a | 0.32 ± 0.00 b |
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Szabóová, M.; Záhorský, M.; Gažo, J.; Geuens, J.; Vermoesen, A.; D’Hondt, E.; Hricová, A. Differences in Seed Weight, Amino Acid, Fatty Acid, Oil, and Squalene Content in γ-Irradiation-Developed and Commercial Amaranth Varieties (Amaranthus spp.). Plants 2020, 9, 1412. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111412
Szabóová M, Záhorský M, Gažo J, Geuens J, Vermoesen A, D’Hondt E, Hricová A. Differences in Seed Weight, Amino Acid, Fatty Acid, Oil, and Squalene Content in γ-Irradiation-Developed and Commercial Amaranth Varieties (Amaranthus spp.). Plants. 2020; 9(11):1412. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111412
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzabóová, Monika, Michal Záhorský, Ján Gažo, Jeroen Geuens, Ann Vermoesen, Els D’Hondt, and Andrea Hricová. 2020. "Differences in Seed Weight, Amino Acid, Fatty Acid, Oil, and Squalene Content in γ-Irradiation-Developed and Commercial Amaranth Varieties (Amaranthus spp.)" Plants 9, no. 11: 1412. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111412