Initial Survival and Development of Planted European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Small-Leaved Lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) Seedlings Competing with Black Cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Mortality
2.1.1. Seedling Mortality Inside and Outside the Fences
2.1.2. Mortality along light gradient
2.2. Seedling Biomass
2.2.1. Biomass before and after Growing Season
2.2.2. Response in Mass Fractions along the Light Gradient
2.3. Specific Leaf Area
3. Discussion
3.1. Mortality
3.1.1. Higher Mortality outside the Fence Due to Herbivory
3.1.2. F. sylvatica Mortality Response to Light
3.2. Seedling Biomass
3.2.1. No Detectable Biomass Increases after the Growing Season
3.2.2. Unexpected Response in F. sylvatica LMF
3.3. Shade Tolerant Species-Specific Reaction in Leaves
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Area
4.2. Study Design
4.3. Field Data Collection
4.3.1. Seedling Delivery
4.3.2. Seedling Mortality
4.3.3. Seedling Harvest
4.3.4. Light Measurements
4.4. Lab Data Collection
4.5. Data Analysis and Modelling
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Fencing | Plots (n) | Mortality Per Plot (%) | Ass. Figure | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Mean ± SD (Median) | Max | ||||
F. sylvatica | Fenced | 33 | 0 | 3.41 ± 4.38 (3.13) | 15.63 | Figure 2a |
Unfenced | 33 | 0 | 5.31 ± 6.08 (3.13) | 25.00 | ||
T. cordata | Fenced | 33 | 0 | 3.22 ± 3.54 (3.13) | 12.50 | Figure 2b |
Unfenced | 32 | 0 | 5.87 ± 6.77 (3.13) | 31.25 |
Species | Nursery | Harvest | p (Kruskal) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | Unit | n1 | Min | Mean ± SD (Median) | Max | n2 | Min | Mean ± SD (Median) | Max | ||
F. sylvatica | TDM | g | 30 | 13.39 | 26.68 ± 11.02 (25.29) | 59.63 | 98 | 12.42 | 31.33 ± 12.95 (29.16) | 70.59 | 0.09 |
AGB | g | 30 | 5.93 | 12.62 ± 5.97 (11.28) | 31.38 | 98 | 6.20 | 14.47 ± 6.34 (13.09) | 35.91 | 0.11 | |
RM | g | 30 | 6.60 | 14.06 ± 5.46 (13.80) | 28.26 | 98 | 6.09 | 16.86 ± 7.21 (15.18) | 39.78 | 0.07 | |
T. cordata | TDM | g | 28 | 3.17 | 7.74 ± 4.12 (7.35) | 19.08 | 99 | 1.46 | 9.14 ± 4.84 (7.68) | 24.51 | 0.20 |
AGB | g | 28 | 1.52 | 3.46 ± 1.67 (2.94) | 8.65 | 99 | 0.86 | 3.93 ± 1.89 (3.59) | 9.38 | 0.24 | |
RM | g | 28 | 1.05 | 4.28 ± 2.59 (3.82) | 11.27 | 99 | 0.58 | 5.21 ± 3.13 (4.44) | 15.27 | 0.17 |
Species | Response Variable | Slope | p-Value | Intercept | Model Equation | R2 | Ass. Figure |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F. sylvatica | AGB | 0.08 | 0.194 | 15.86 | 0.08 x + 15.86 | 0.02 | |
LMF | 0.04 | 0.016 | 7.94 | 0.04 x + 7.94 | 0.06 | Figure 3 | |
BMF | −0.03 | 0.310 | 11.64 | −0.03 + 11.64 | 0.01 | ||
SMF | −0.06 | 0.127 | 32.51 | −0.06 + 32.51 | 0.02 | ||
RMF | 0.05 | 0.205 | 47.91 | 0.05 + 47.91 | 0.02 | ||
SLA | −0.87 | >0.001 | 256.14 | −0.87 + 256.14 | 0.13 | Figure 4 | |
T. cordata | AGB | 0.03 | 0.127 | 4.29 | 0.03 + 4.29 | 0.02 | |
LMF | 0.03 | 0.226 | 9.25 | 0.03 + 9.25 | 0.02 | ||
BMF | −0.005 | 0.839 | 3.55 | −0.005 + 3.55 | >0.001 | ||
SMF | −0.03 | 0.589 | 37.83 | −0.03 + 37.83 | 0.003 | ||
RMF | 0.01 | 0.841 | 49.37 | 0.01 + 49.37 | >0.001 | ||
SLA | −2.01 | > 0.001 | 343.87 | −2.01 + 343.87 | 0.21 | Figure 4 |
Species | N | Scanned Leaves per Subsample (n) | SLA (cm2g −1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Mean ± SD (Median) | Max | Min | Mean ± SD (Median) | Max | ||
F. sylvatica | 96 | 6 | 19.8 ± 1.8 (20) | 22 | 170.7 | 237.6 ± 31.4 (232.4) | 307.0 |
T. cordata | 99 | 3 | 9.6 ± 1.6 (10) | 13 | 190.6 | 297.7 ± 56.8 (298.0) | 444.8 |
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Hasstedt, S.L.; Annighöfer, P. Initial Survival and Development of Planted European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Small-Leaved Lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) Seedlings Competing with Black Cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.). Plants 2020, 9, 677. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060677
Hasstedt SL, Annighöfer P. Initial Survival and Development of Planted European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Small-Leaved Lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) Seedlings Competing with Black Cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.). Plants. 2020; 9(6):677. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060677
Chicago/Turabian StyleHasstedt, Sarah L., and Peter Annighöfer. 2020. "Initial Survival and Development of Planted European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Small-Leaved Lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) Seedlings Competing with Black Cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.)" Plants 9, no. 6: 677. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060677