Fruit Morphology, Citrulline, and Arginine Levels in Diverse Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Germplasm Collections
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Chemicals
2.2. Plant Material
2.2.1. Cultivation
2.2.2. Sampling
2.2.3. Analysis of Morphological Properties
2.3. Extraction and Analysis of Citrulline and Arginine
2.4. Analysis of Citrulline Using Citrulline Assay Kit
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Fruit Morphological Characteristics
3.2. Analysis of Citrulline and Arginine Using HPLC and
3.2.1. Method Development and Validation
3.2.2. Determination of Citrulline and Arginine Content Using HPLC
3.2.3. Quantification of Citrulline Using Citrulline Assay Kit
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No | Trait | Description | Class | n | % | Min/Max/Ave * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Fruit shape in longitudinal section | Circular | 1 | 63 | 60.6 | - |
Broad elliptic | 2 | 30 | 28.8 | - | ||
Medium elliptic | 3 | 9 | 8.7 | - | ||
Narrow elliptic | 4 | 2 | 1.9 | - | ||
2 | Ground color of skin | White | 1 | 6 | 5.7 | - |
Yellow | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | - | ||
Green | 3 | 99 | 94.3 | - | ||
3 | Intensity of green color of skin | Very light | 1 | 2 | 1.9 | - |
Very light to light | 2 | 5 | 4.8 | - | ||
Light | 3 | 3 | 2.9 | - | ||
Light to medium | 4 | 6 | 5.7 | - | ||
Medium | 5 | 18 | 17.1 | - | ||
Medium to dark | 6 | 21 | 20.0 | - | ||
Dark | 7 | 27 | 25.7 | - | ||
Dark to very dark | 8 | 13 | 12.4 | - | ||
Very dark | 9 | 10 | 9.5 | - | ||
4 | Fruit shape of apical part | Truncate | 1 | 52 | 49.5 | - |
Little rounded | 2 | 43 | 41.0 | - | ||
Rounded | 3 | 9 | 8.6 | - | ||
Little acute | 4 | 1 | 1.0 | - | ||
Acute | 5 | 0 | 0.0 | - | ||
5 | Grooving distribution of fruit | Absent | 1 | 85 | 81.0 | - |
At basal half | 2 | 1 | 1.0 | - | ||
At apical half | 3 | 0 | 0.0 | - | ||
On whole fruit | 4 | 19 | 18.1 | - | ||
6 | Conspicuousness of stripes | Inconspicuous | 0 | 35 | 33.3 | - |
Conspicuous | 1 | 70 | 66.7 | - | ||
7 | Main color of flesh | White | 1 | 0 | 0.0 | - |
Yellow | 2 | 5 | 4.8 | - | ||
Orange | 3 | 4 | 3.8 | - | ||
Pink | 4 | 30 | 28.6 | - | ||
Pink/red | 5 | 37 | 35.2 | - | ||
Red | 6 | 29 | 27.6 | - | ||
8 | Size of pistil scar (mm) | 2.0/32.6/14.1 | ||||
9 | Width of stripes (mm) | 0.0/29.8/8.4 | ||||
10 | Weight of fruit (kg) | 3.2/10.4/5.2 | ||||
11 | Length of fruit (cm) | 17.0/48.4/23.3 | ||||
12 | Width of fruit(cm) | 17.3/23.2/20.7 | ||||
13 | Thickness of outer layer of the pericarp (mm) | 4.6/22.6/10.6 | ||||
14 | Soluble solids content (Brix) | 5.1/12.3/8.5 |
Trait | SPS | WS | WF | LF | WIF | TP | SSC | Citrulline | Arginine | Citrulline # |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WS | 0.020 | - | ||||||||
WF | −0.362 ** | 0.144 | - | |||||||
LF | −0.662 ** | 0.052 | 0.737 ** | - | ||||||
WIF | 0.351 ** | 0.156 | 0.439 ** | -0.204 * | - | |||||
TP | 0.094 | 0.197 * | 0.174 | 0.191 | 0.146 | - | ||||
SSC | −0.013 | 0.142 | −0.026 | −0.094 | 0.046 | −0.419 ** | - | |||
Citrulline | 0.191 | 0.014 | −0.235 * | −0.203 * | −0.161 | −0.083 | −0.375 ** | - | ||
Arginine | 0.043 | −0.289 ** | 0.072 | 0.084 | -0.052 | 0.120 | −0.375 ** | 0.283 ** | - | |
Citrulline # | 0.116 | 0.004 | -0.223 * | −0.150 | −0.218 * | −0.041 | −0.351 ** | 0.919 ** | 0.318 ** | - |
Citrulline + Arginine | 0.172 | −0.103 | −0.166 | −0.133 | −0.152 | −0.021 | −0.452 | 0.926 | 0.624 | 0.874 |
S/No | Origin | IT NO/ Variety Name | Citrulline (HPLC) | Arginine (HPLC) | Citrulline (CAK) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | KOR | IT104713 | 22.85 ± 1.67 i-s | 12.37 ± 0.48 c-m | 26.39 ± 0.69 e-r |
2 | TUR | IT119709 | 44.30 ± 0.49 ab | 9.51 ± 0.27 e-q | 39.54 ± 0.54 a-c |
3 | ITA | IT119743 | 30.03 ± 0.06 c-r | 8.51 ± 0.16 f-r | 28.46 ± 0.70 c-q |
4 | TWN | IT120006 | 28.52 ± 2.01 c-r | 9.48 ± 0.26 e-q | 25.23 ± 0.35 f-r |
5 | TWN | IT120008 | 27.16 ± 0.48 d-s | 11.64 ± 0.18 c-n | 27.29 ± 0.30 e-q |
6 | Unknown | IT138188 | 22.26 ± 0.39 i-s | 8.37 ± 0.18 f-r | 23.46 ± 0.45 h-r |
7 | CHN | IT160392 | 26.04 ± 0.59 e-s | 7.62 ± 0.32 h-s | 29.42 ± 0.24 c-q |
8 | Unknown | IT174803 | 28.62 ± 0.51 c-r | 6.34 ± 0.09 m-s | 26.75 ± 0.20 e-r |
9 | Unknown | IT185447 | 20.39 ± 0.42 l-s | 6.61 ± 0.36 m-s | 21.76 ± 0.15 j-r |
10 | Unknown | IT185456 | 18.10 ± 0.17 p-t | 4.39 ± 0.34 p-s | 19.72 ± 0.20 o-r |
11 | USA | IT190057 | 21.92 ± 0.63 j-s | 12.18 ± 0.12 c-m | 22.57 ± 0.25 h-r |
12 | USA | IT190058 | 6.90 ± 0.12 t | 1.76 ± 0.19 s | 6.54 ± 0.28 s |
13 | UKR | IT190059 | 25.22 ± 0.53 g-s | 14.39 ± 0.33 c-g | 23.64 ± 0.30 h-r |
14 | TKM | IT190077 | 21.52 ± 0.26 j-s | 11.54 ± 0.31 c-n | 20.19 ± 0.11 n-r |
15 | KGZ | IT190084 | 29.17 ± 1.30 c-r | 9.59 ± 0.3 e-q | 24.99 ± 0.59 g-r |
16 | TJK | IT190110 | 33.45 ± 0.98 b-n | 13.50 ± 0.43 c-j | 32.51 ± 0.16 a-j |
17 | TJK | IT190116 | 23.51 ± 0.17 i-s | 10.74 ± 0.18 d-p | 23.50 ± 0.51 h-r |
18 | KAZ | IT190123 | 25.96 ± 0.43 e-s | 7.66 ± 0.22 h-s | 28.22 ± 0.06 d-q |
19 | TKM | IT190135 | 33.46 ± 1.29 b-n | 12.39 ± 0.18 c-m | 31.98 ± 0.72 b-l |
20 | BRA | IT190141 | 26.63 ± 0.73 e-s | 6.36 ± 0.1 m-s | 27.45 ± 0.20 d-q |
21 | RUS | IT190146 | 23.54 ± 0.66 i-s | 6.47 ± 0.19 l-s | 25.10 ± 0.69 g-r |
22 | RUS | IT190148 | 19.31 ± 0.51o-s | 8.47 ± 0.08 f-r | 21.51 ± 0.47 j-r |
23 | Unknown | IT190151 | 26.54 ± 0.76 e-s | 11.81 ± 0.14 c-n | 26.24 ± 0.39 e-r |
24 | RUS | IT199769 | 31.47 ± 0.24 b-p | 11.96 ± 0.04 c-n | 28.79 ± 0.50 c-q |
25 | RUS | IT199772 | 29.22 ± 0.58 c-r | 8.37 ± 0.18 f-r | 27.45 ± 0.32 d-q |
26 | RUS | IT199773 | 20.57 ± 0.57 l-s | 10.07 ± 0.19 d-q | 20.84 ± 0.10 l-r |
27 | RUS | IT199788 | 33.00 ± 0.38 b-o | 6.76 ± 0.18 k-s | 31.23 ± 0.51 c-n |
28 | RUS | IT199796 | 24.75 ± 0.75 g-s | 8.56 ± 0.2 f-r | 26.89 ± 0.45 e-r |
29 | UKR | IT199805 | 20.76 ± 0.41 k-s | 6.52 ± 0.31 l-s | 22.56 ± 0.38 h-r |
30 | UKR | IT199806 | 21.80 ± 0.80 j-s | 8.53 ± 0.33 f-r | 26.55 ± 0.36 e-r |
31 | KAZ | IT199814 | 25.83 ± 0.43 f-s | 8.89 ± 0.18 e-r | 27.30 ± 0.17e-q |
32 | UZB | IT199823 | 24.65 ± 0.48 g-s | 8.34 ± 0.05 f-r | 26.50 ± 0.32 e-r |
33 | NPL | IT200493 | 28.08 ± 0.15 c-r | 7.53 ± 0.24 h-s | 25.58 ± 0.52 e-r |
34 | PHL | IT201722 | 29.63 ± 0.51 c-r | 9.50 ± 0.36 e-q | 28.51 ± 0.39 c-q |
35 | UZB | IT202998 | 19.65 ± 0.20 n-s | 8.61 ± 0.12 f-r | 21.76 ± 0.48 j-r |
36 | RUS | IT203017 | 26.38 ± 0.30 e-s | 10.14 ± 0.12 d-q | 25.79 ± 0.08 e-r |
37 | RUS | IT203019 | 34.73 ± 0.62 b-k | 11.61 ± 0.41 c-n | 32.04 ± 0.63 b-l |
38 | KAZ | IT203029 | 24.01 ± 0.52 i-s | 9.07 ± 0.05 e-q | 33.81 ± 0.08 a-h |
39 | UZB | IT203034 | 26.09 ± 1.55 e-s | 8.87 ± 0.03 e-r | 26.55 ± 0.91 e-r |
40 | RUS | IT203037 | 30.32 ± 0.49 c-q | 10.24 ± 0.11 d-q | 27.28 ± 0.20 e-q |
41 | UZB | IT203049 | 31.44 ± 2.27 b-p | 7.36 ± 0.37 i-s | 31.32 ± 0.29 c-n |
42 | UZB | IT203067 | 34.11 ± 2.50 b-l | 10.78 ± 0.11 d-p | 35.26 ± 0.26 a-g |
43 | AZE | IT203072 | 31.82 ± 3.32 b-p | 9.60 ± 0.07 e-q | 32.48 ± 0.38 a-k |
44 | Unknown | IT203627 | 32.79 ± 0.45 b-o | 11.40 ± 0.35 c-n | 29.34 ± 0.19 c-q |
45 | MNG | IT204167 | 25.98 ± 1.18 e-s | 11.53 ± 0.11 c-n | 25.81 ± 0.58 e-r |
46 | Unknown | IT208441 | 30.10 ± 1.30 c-r | 15.28 ± 0.3bcde | 30.39 ± 0.51 c-p |
47 | UZB | IT213903 | 33.22 ± 1.88 b-o | 16.50 ± 0.18abcd | 31.01 ± 0.24 c-o |
48 | Unknown | IT216860 | 21.20 ± 2.83 j-s | 9.13 ± 0.36 e-q | 21.57 ± 0.24 j-r |
49 | Unknown | IT251845 | 33.38 ± 1.62 b-n | 9.36 ± 0.48 e-q | 32.59 ± 0.39 a-j |
50 | Unknown | IT251849 | 34.91 ± 1.48 b-j | 8.66 ± 0.31 f-r | 31.23 ± 0.52 c-n |
51 | Unknown | IT251851 | 23.08 ± 0.93 i-s | 7.38 ± 0.14 i-s | 23.48 ± 0.34 h-r |
52 | RUS | IT251860 | 35.95 ± 2.25 b-i | 7.52 ± 0.12 h-s | 31.60 ± 0.36 b-m |
53 | USA | IT271064 | 20.89 ± 1.09 k-s | 7.34 ± 0.18 j-s | 20.54 ± 0.09 m-r |
54 | CHN | IT294452 | 24.85 ± 1.61 g-s | 5.58 ± 0.36 n-s | 23.46 ± 0.56 h-r |
55 | JPN | IT302244 | 39.30 ± 0.84 b-f | 9.12 ± 0.22 e-q | 36.74 ± 0.54 a-e |
56 | UZB | IT305108 | 26.65 ± 1.63 e-s | 13.98 ± 0.05 c-h | 24.53 ± 0.19 g-r |
57 | RUS | IT321060 | 32.52 ± 1.86 b-o | 12.97 ± 0.15 c-l | 33.53 ± 0.39 a-i |
58 | UZB | IT321075 | 24.79 ± 1.53 g-s | 8.52 ± 0.10 f-r | 22.61 ± 0.49 h-r |
59 | Unknown | IT32839 | 23.09 ± 0.45 i-s | 4.70 ± 0.21 o-s | 21.11 ± 0.62 k-r |
60 | URY | IT119741 | 16.94 ± 0.42 q-t | 6.37 ± 0.23 m-s | 22.47 ± 0.71 h-r |
61 | RUS | IT199776 | 31.57 ± 2.04 b-p | 9.80 ± 0.03 e-q | 31.09 ± 0.37 c-o |
62 | RUS | IT199783 | 27.11 ± 3.47 d-s | 14.90 ± 0.08 c-f | 28.15 ± 0.32 d-q |
63 | UKR | IT199804 | 14.00 ± 0.22 st | 9.69 ± 0.19 e-q | 15.75 ± 0.20 r |
64 | USA | IT199834 | 25.91 ± 0.98 f-s | 13.93 ± 0.26 c-i | 23.2 ± 0.52 h-r |
65 | CHN | 803617 | 26.82 ± 0.70 d-s | 8.42 ± 0.18 f-r | 26.13 ± 0.54 e-r |
66 | RUS | 805656 | 28.20 ± 0.60 c-r | 17.48 ± 0.21 a-c | 26.35 ± 0.34 e-r |
67 | JPN | 807364 | 41.38 ± 2.12 a-c | 6.63 ± 0.39 l-s | 35.81 ± 1.00 a-g |
68 | KOR | 906976 | 22.90 ± 0.90 i-s | 9.94 ± 0.02 e-q | 21.04 ± 0.44 l-r |
69 | Unknown | 908581 | 24.79 ± 0.93 g-s | 8.48 ± 0.11 f-r | 22.75 ± 0.58 h-r |
70 | UZB | 908835 | 22.02 ± 1.38 i-s | 13.41 ± 0.11 c-j | 20.42 ± 0.29 m-r |
71 | Unknown | K004668 | 26.78 ± 1.18 d-s | 12.13 ± 0.08 c-n | 25.69 ± 0.40 e-r |
72 | USA | K012424 | 28.67 ± 1.14 c-r | 11.00 ± 0.29 d-o | 28.54 ± 0.26 c-q |
73 | KOR | K038117 | 24.05 ± 0.67 i-s | 8.44 ± 0.12 f-r | 21.33 ± 0.46 j-r |
74 | IND | K192260 | 29.26 ± 1.62 c-r | 11.74 ± 0.14 c-n | 29.85 ± 0.36 c-q |
75 | IND | K192264 | 38.19 ± 0.67 b-h | 20.69 ± 0.23 ab | 42.06 ± 0.29 ab |
76 | TUR | K192296 | 19.91 ± 0.54 m-s | 9.70 ± 0.15 e-q | 20.97 ± 0.31 l-r |
77 | TUR | K192319 | 26.98 ± 0.64 d-s | 7.56 ± 0.21 h-s | 25.94 ± 0.52 e-r |
78 | TUR | K192321 | 30.68 ± 0.70 c-q | 8.45 ± 0.35 f-r | 30.89 ± 0.74 c-p |
79 | TUR | K192324 | 25.02 ± 0.68 g-s | 11.37 ± 0.23c-n | 27.83 ± 0.82 d-q |
80 | TUR | K192338 | 22.53 ± 0.54 i-s | 12.33 ± 0.15 c-m | 23.69 ± 0.62 h-r |
81 | TUR | K192352 | 26.08 ± 0.38 e-s | 7.87 ± 0.19 g-s | 25.40 ± 0.25 f-r |
82 | TUR | K192365 | 52.06 ± 0.59 a | 8.46 ± 0.20 f-r | 42.79 ± 0.48 a |
83 | TUR | K192370 | 40.53 ± 0.51 b-d | 12.25 ± 0.33 c-m | 36.51 ± 0.46 a-f |
84 | TUR | K192373 | 32.36 ± 0.34 b-o | 13.26 ± 0.30 c-k | 29.78 ± 0.29 c-q |
85 | TUR | K192378 | 28.84 ± 0.30 c-r | 11.10 ± 0.07 c-o | 24.97 ± 0.66 g-r |
86 | TUR | K192379 | 24.51 ± 1.04 h-s | 10.45 ± 0.15 d-p | 22.08 ± 0.23 j-r |
87 | TUR | K192381 | 28.33 ± 0.47 c-r | 10.43 ± 0.18 d-p | 26.02 ± 0.18 e-r |
88 | TUR | K192386 | 38.42 ± 0.86 b-g | 10.00 ± 0.18 e-q | 35.47 ± 0.30 a-g |
89 | TUR | K192390 | 33.35 ± 0.58 b-n | 8.57 ± 0.20 f-r | 30.07 ± 0.61 c-p |
90 | TUR | K192394 | 39.76 ± 0.87 b-e | 7.84 ± 0.13 g-s | 38.56 ± 0.28 a-d |
91 | TUR | K192397 | 33.05 ± 0.09 b-o | 11.82 ± 0.04 c-n | 29.02 ± 0.09 c-q |
92 | TUR | K192403 | 26.51 ± 0.84 e-s | 12.39 ± 0.36 c-m | 25.60 ± 0.52 e-r |
93 | TUR | K192432 | 19.80 ± 0.53 n-s | 7.54 ± 0.24 h-s | 22.67 ± 0.45 h-r |
94 | TUR | K192444 | 25.04 ± 0.54 g-s | 9.24 ± 0.06 e-q | 25.64 ± 0.27 e-r |
95 | TUR | K192446 | 33.79 ± 0.36 b-m | 6.50 ± 0.35 l-s | 30.68 ± 0.36 c-p |
96 | TUR | K192467 | 33.03 ± 0.42 b-o | 7.56 ± 0.33 h-s | 31.21 ± 0.60 c-n |
97 | TUR | K192469 | 25.41 ± 0.45 g-s | 8.89 ± 0.22 e-r | 25.78 ± 0.22 e-r |
98 | IRQ | K192471 | 31.14 ± 0.46 b-p | 13.81 ± 0.26 c-j | 28.95 ± 0.94 c-q |
99 | TUR | K192502 | 16.19 ± 0.61 r-t | 3.82 ± 0.25 q-s | 18.57 ± 0.38 qr |
100 | TUR | K192504 | 26.91 ± 0.34 d-s | 21.25 ± 0.11 a | 28.26 ± 0.51 d-q |
101 | KOR | Speedggul | 22.07 ± 0.78 i-s | 8.50 ± 0.19 f-r | 25.23 ± 0.40 f-r |
102 | KOR | Sambokggul | 25.70 ± 0.23 f-s | 8.44 ± 0.15 f-r | 29.67 ± 0.22 c-q |
103 | KOR | Seo Tae Ja | 24.58 ± 0.86 g-s | 9.39 ± 0.31 e-q | 26.53 ± 0.33 e-r |
104 | KOR | Uriggul | 23.88 ± 0.47 i-s | 10.61 ± 0.35 d-p | 28.85 ± 0.52 c-q |
105 | KOR | Newkkokkoma | 19.50 ± 0.43 n-s | 2.54 ± 0.03 rs | 19.62 ± 0.34 p-r |
106 | KOR | Lycofreshi | 18.33 ± 0.31 p-t | 9.39 ± 0.13 e-q | 22.35 ± 0.35 i-r |
107 | KOR | Norangsambokggul | 23.85 ± 0.95 i-s | 11.46 ± 0.2 c-n | 30.13 ± 0.56 c-p |
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Assefa, A.D.; Hur, O.-S.; Ro, N.-Y.; Lee, J.-E.; Hwang, A.-J.; Kim, B.-S.; Rhee, J.-H.; Yi, J.-Y.; Kim, J.-H.; Lee, H.-S.; et al. Fruit Morphology, Citrulline, and Arginine Levels in Diverse Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Germplasm Collections. Plants 2020, 9, 1054. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091054
Assefa AD, Hur O-S, Ro N-Y, Lee J-E, Hwang A-J, Kim B-S, Rhee J-H, Yi J-Y, Kim J-H, Lee H-S, et al. Fruit Morphology, Citrulline, and Arginine Levels in Diverse Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Germplasm Collections. Plants. 2020; 9(9):1054. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091054
Chicago/Turabian StyleAssefa, Awraris Derbie, On-Sook Hur, Na-Young Ro, Jae-Eun Lee, Ae-Jin Hwang, Bich-Saem Kim, Ju-Hee Rhee, Jung-Yoon Yi, Ji-Hyun Kim, Ho-Sun Lee, and et al. 2020. "Fruit Morphology, Citrulline, and Arginine Levels in Diverse Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Germplasm Collections" Plants 9, no. 9: 1054. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091054